EFFECT OF HEAT

- Heat supplies kinetic energy to protein molecules, causing their atoms to vibrate more rapidly and disrupting relatively weak hydrogen bonding and dispersion forces.

Example:COOKING EGGS

EFFECT OF ALCHOHOL

- capable of engaging in intermolecular hydrogen bonding with protein molecules, disrupting intramolecular hydrogen bonding within the protein.

Example:LABORATORY PROTEIN EXTRACTION

EFFECT OF STRONG ACID AND BASE

- Acids and bases disrupt protein salt bridges by altering the pH, which results in the dissociation of cations and anions in solution.

Example: (BASE) Cleaning and Degreasing

Example: (ACID) Digestion in Analytical Chemistry

EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS

- These ions form strong bonds with the carboxylate anions of the acidic amino acids or SH groups of cysteine, disrupting ionic bonds and disulfide linkages.

EXAMPLE: Silver Nitrate (AgNO3) Anti-infective agent for wound and/or burn treatments

Copper Sulfate (CuSO4): Pesticide

EFFECT OF ALKALOIDAL REAGENTS

- These reagents combine with positively charged amino groups in proteins to disrupt ionic bonds.

EXAMPLE: Picric Acid: Surface Anesthetic Ointment

Tannic Acid: Topical Skin Treatment