AP world

Unit 3 1450-1750: Land-Based Empires (1200-1450: Post-Classical Era)(1450-1750: Early Modern Era)

• Why 1450?

  • True global history

  • Ottoman Empire conquers Constantinople (Byzantine Empire)

  • Indian Ocean trade

  • Gutenberg printing press

  • Columbian Exchange

How did empires expand and maintain power?

• Imperial expansion

  • Gunpowder and cannons

  • Armed trade (makes it so people can’t say no)

  • Rivalry and conflict

• Centralization

  • Bureaucratic elites and military professionals

  • Innovative tax collection systems

• Legitimacy

  • Art and Architecture

• Belief Systems

  • Catholic vs. Protestant

  • Sunni vs. Shia

Ming Dynasty “Bringer of Light”: 1368-1644

• Founded by Emperor Hongwu

  • former monk who led revolt

• China’s Emperor Yongle looked to its past after driving out the Mongols

  • Confucianism and education

  • Exam system

  • Infrastructure for trade

  • Rebuilt the Great Wall

  • Collection of taxes in hard currency… silver

Emperor Yongle

• Won a violent succession struggle

  • Demanded elites swear allegiance to him directly

  • Wanted to remove Mongol legacy

    • Moved the capital

• The 9th Degree

  • Disloyalty and he kills you and all of your relatives

Ming Admiral Sheng He

• Chinese Muslim Eunuch

  • Led massive expeditions

  • A fleet of 300 ships and 28,000 people

• Why would the Ming launch these voyages?

  • Displayed Chinese power

  • After Mongol, show that China is powerful again

“Treasure Voyages” of Zheng He: 1405-1433

• Expeditions to boost prestige and obtain tribute

  • Transfer of culture and technology

• China did not seek territory

  • Viewed themselves as the best (middle kingdom) and did not need land

• Abruptly ended in 1433

  • Cultural conflict

  • All large ships banned

    • Prevents connection with the rest of the world

Gunpowder Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal

• Turkic people

  • Language and descent of Turkic nomads

• Muslim

  • Sunni (majority): Ottoman and Mughal

  • Shia (minority): Safavid

• Filled power vacuum after Khanates

• Military technology

  • Gunpowder and cannons

Ottoman Empire: 1300-1922 Gaining Power

• Vast empire

  • Centralized governance

  • Skilled military forces

  • Naval power

• Sultan is the leader of Sunni Islam

• Conquest of Constantinople in 1453; key turning point (important location)

  • End of Byzantine Empire

Suleiman the Magnificent

• Nearly conquered Austria in 1529

• Reformed legal codes

• Built mosques and forts

Ottoman Empire - Maintaining Power

• Constantinople = Istanbul

  • Mass conversion to Islam

  • Relatively tolerant

  • Millet system: ethnic groups could self-govern

    • Greeks, Jews, Armenians

• Devshirme: a tribute system

• The enslavement of Christian boys from the Balkans into the empire’s civil service

  • “Christian Boy Harvest”

  • Bureaucratic elites

• Powerful Navy in the Mediterranean

  • Armed trade (forcing trade with weaker societies)

Ottoman Empire - Maintaining Power

• Janissaries - professional soldiers loyal to the Sultan (not loyal to state, attempt to overthrow of Sultan they will protect him)

  • Received land for military service (land = power)

  • Powerful political force

• Tax Farming

  • Middlemen who paid to collect local taxes

  • Example of a tax collection system

Mughal Empire: 1526-1857 Gaining Power

• Founded by Babur

  • Descendent of Timur (nomadic warrior)

    • Genghis Khan descendent

  • Conquered small Hindu kingdoms

• Wealthy from trade

  • Textiles, spices, and precious stones

• Muslims ruled Hindu majority

Mughal Empire - Maintaining Power

• Emperor Akbar

  • Efficient admin and justice

• Tolerated Hindu/Catholic traditions

  • Removed the jizya (tax on non-Muslims)

• He discouraged patriarchal Hindu practices

  • Sati (widow will be burned alive when husband dies) and child marriages

• Zamindar Tax Collection System

  • Zamindars are powerful local tax collectors

  • Paid in land

  • Created their own mini-kingdoms and armies

Backlash to Mughal Tolerance

• Muslima called for “renewal” (back to old days/traditional)

  • Shift in the Muslim world

• Emperor Aurangzeb 1658-1707

  • Reimposed the Jizya, destroyed Hindu temples, and banned “vices” such as dancing

Safavid Empire: 1502-1736 Gaining Power

• Conquest by Ismail at age 15

  • Shah (king)

  • Imported weapons from Europe (Europe is catching up, building better tech)

• Rivalry with Ottomans

  • Sunni vs. Shia

  • What else could fuel rivalry?

    • Control of trade routes (money and access)

• Shia identity helped Shah maintain power…how?

  • Rebellion from Sunni minority

  • Patriarchal society

Songhai Empire: 1460-1591

• Powerful West African Empire

  • Successor to Mali

• Askia the Great 1493

  • Promoted Islam to gain legitimacy and consolidate power among elites

    • Official religion (Islam)

  • Trans-Saharan trade

    • Tribute for access

  • Rivalry with Morocco to control trade

    • Morocco won

Tokugawa Shogunate: 1600-1868

• Consolidated power in Japan

  • Defeated feudal lords; Daimyo

  • European rifles

• Period of Great Peace

  • Centralized government

  • Hostages in Edo (Tokyo)

• This raises the question of what should the Samurai do without war

  • Bureaucrats

  • Salaried samurai

  • Made sure that they would not rebel by giving them jobs

The Mexica (Aztecs): Maintaining Power 1375-1525

• The Mexica used religious ideas and tax-collection systems:

  • Human sacrifice

  • Tribute lists

    • Warrior costumes, precious stones, food, animal products

The Inca: Maintaining Power 1438-1533

• Inca used several strategies to control a sprawling empire… 10M subjects

  • Roads and Mita system

  • Regional governments

  • Record keeping: Quipus

  • Incorporates conquered people

• Religious monumental architecture

  • Inca Sun Temple

Qing Dynasty 1644-1912

• The last Chinese Dynasty

• Manchuria

  • Different ethnic groups in China

  • Most Chinese are part of the Han ethnic group

  • Manchuria was home to a different ethnic group; Manchus

  • Ethnic minority rules

Qing Dynasty: Obtaining Power

• Manchurians topple the Ming Dynasty and establish the Qing Dynasty

  • Military campaign from 1680-1760 expanded China’s borders

    • Taiwan, Mongolia, and Tibet

• Mongolian, Muslim, and Tibetan peoples incorporated into China

  • End of influence of nomads in East Asia

  • Uighurs Muslims are a persecuted minority in China today

Qing Dynasty: Maintaining Power

• Manchus embraced Confucianism

  • Rituals performed by Emperors to claim the Mandate of Heaven

  • 1st plow of spring (ceremonial - shows that emperor is responsible for food)

• Local elites governed

• Imperial portraits

The Three Gs of European Exploration

• God 

• Glory

• Gold

Causes of Europe’s Transoceanic Travel and Trade: Why Europe?

• Knowledge, scientific learning, and technology from the Classical (Rome), Islamic, and Asian Worlds spread

  • Facilitated European technological developments and innovation

European Technology Influenced by Other Countries

• Compass

• Lateen sail

• Astronomical charts

• Knowledge of wind and ocean currents

• Innovative ship designs

  • Portuguese Caravel

  • Dutch Fluyt

Causes Continued

• Economic competition

  • Political fragmentation

  • State-sponsored exploration

  • Routes to Asia

• Missionary zeal (deep desire to spread faith)

  • Converts and Christian allies

  • Spanish policy to spread Catholicism

• Immunity to disease (already have been exposed)

  • Domesticated animals

The Little Ice Age 1300-1850

• Little Ice Age: declining temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere caused extreme weather

  • Possible causes: volcanoes and man-made deaths in the New World

• Long-term, markets and trade become more important (harder to grow food) (forces to build lasting connections)

  • Less local agriculture (relying on things grown far away for food)

  • Continued breakdown of Feudalism 

• The General Crisis

  • Instability in the 1600s

European Colonization of the New World: 1500-1800

• Colonial empires created entirely new societies (goal was to shatter existing culture)

  • Settlement

• State-Sponsorship key

  • Spanish

  • N. Atlantic crossing to find a route to Asia

    • Then: English, Dutch, and French (competition)

Colonialism and Mercantilism

• Mercantilism:

  • Government encourages exports from mother country

  • Colonies provide a market for manufactured goods

  • Colonies also provide bullion (gold/silver), key way to measure wealth

  • Zero-sum economy

• How does this compare to our modern economy?

  • Current: want to create new wealth

The Americas Before Columbus

• Wealthy and powerful civilizations

  • 60-80M population

  • Inca Sun Temple

• Aztec and Inca empires are torn by conflict in the 1400s (easier for Europeans to take over)

The Columbian Exchange

• The exchange of diseases, ideas, crops, animals, and people between the New World, and the Old World - global exchange

• American crops fueled global population growth - staple crop (easy to grow)

  • Expanding labor force

• Colonial wealth created a foundation for Europe’s Industrial Revolution

  • Capital for investment

• Step towards Globalization (networks that connect countries throughout the world, fewer barriers)

Columbian Exchange: Farming

• Europeans brought domesticated animals to the Americas

  • No natural predators

    • Horses

    • Cattle

    • Pigs

• Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco led to deforestation and soil depletion.

The First Maritime Empires: Spain and Portugal

• Treaty of Tordesillas 1494

  • Brokered by the Pope

Spanish Conquest of the Americas: 1519-1540

• Local alliances enabled few conquistadors to conquer the Aztecs and Incas

  • Iron, gunpowder, and horses are key advantages

  • The Great Dying: smallpox, influenza, and yellow fever kill 90% of the natives

    • 56M deaths

    • Spread by people, rats, and mosquitoes

      • Disease vectors

Cortes - Burn the Ships

• Claimed they were defective but wanted to prevent a mutiny

The Spanish Empire - Maritime Empire

• States sponsored exploration

  • Columbus in 1492

  • Increased European interest

• Wealthy, urbanized empire with an imperial bureaucracy

• Economy based upon agricultural estates and mining for silver/gold

  • Native labor

• Roman Catholic missionaries established churches and sought converts

Cuzco, Peru

• Inca capitals

• Converted to Spanish colonial center

Encomienda System

• Spanish Crown granted settlers the right to force labor from natives “in exchange” for protection and instruction in Christianity.

  • Mine silver

• Based off Inca Mita system

• Similar to serfdom

Hacienda

• Large estates granted to Conquistadores

  • Debt peonage: coerced labor to pay off large debts

Castas System: Social Hierarchy in the New World → A New Society Emerges

• Unlike North America, a substantial mixed race population emerged (only young men came over and married local women) (North America - whole families came over)

  • Mestizo/Mulattoes

• Racial categories were fluid and ties to social class

  • Contrast with sharp racial divisions of North America

    • Colonial Class System: Black slaves/native Americans - mulattos/mestizo - creoles (2nd gen full-blooded Spanish) - peninsulares (born in Europe) 

Slavery

• Sugar was introduced to Europe by Islamic traders

• Processing sugar required industrialized production (hard to process - required a lot of labor)

• Sugar plantations in Brazil and the Caribbean needed laborers - chattel slavery

  • Cash Crops for export

  • Coerced labor (extreme end)

Slavery and the Columbian Exchange

• African slaves brought new foods to the Americas and farming skills

  • New rice included okra and rice

Portuguese Brazil

• Independence in 1822

• Only monarchy in the New World

Portuguese Colonization

• Portugal established Brazil as a plantation, sugar-producing colony

  • Mulattoes, Portuguese-African descent

  • Not a settler colony

  • Didn’t abolish slavery until 1888

British Settler Colonies of North America

• Permanent settlements

• Private companies and individuals established settlements (grassroots)

  • Land ownership and religious freedom

    • Protestant

  • Self-government 

• Few slaves and little use of Native American labor

  • Indentured servitude

Russia Expands 1500-1800

• Russian settlers expanded east into Siberia

  • Economic opportunity (fur pelts and land)

  • Expansion to defend from pastoralist raids

  • Expand “Civilization” and Christianity

  • Native Siberians lost grazing land, pay tribute, encounter new diseases

    • Natives adopted Russian culture and Christianity

St. Basil’s Cathedral - 1561

• Shows the influence of the Russian Orthodox Church

  • Own branch of Christianity

The Kremlin - 1495

• Romanov Dynasty: 1613-1917

Russia and Westernization 1689-1725

• Expansion created a wealthy, militaristic, and multiethnic state

• Tsars Peter the Great launched programs to “catch up”

  • Education for elites in France

  • Western dress and beards banned

  • New capital

• Russian identity crisis

• Slavic… but Asian too?

The General Crisis: Mid-1600s

• Caused by Little Ice Age

• Famine and disease

• Wars and revolts around the world

  • Thiry Years War 1618-1648

    • Religious conflict in Germany

    • Millions die from starvation

  • Spanish revolts

  • Collapse of Ming Dynasty after poor harvests

• Disputed by historians

Unit 4 Transoceanic Connections: Ch 14 Economic Transformations: 1450-1750

Unit Ch14 1450-1750 Economic Transformations: Big Picture Ideas

• Global circulation of goods

  • Silver (used as global currency)

• Maritime Empires (Portugal, Spain, Dutch, Britain, France)

  • Trading and military outposts

  • Economic competition = state rivalry

• Challenges to Empires

  • Indigenous peoples, slaves, and lower classes (resistance)

• Changing Social Hierarchies

  • Existing elites vs. Monarchies

  • Treatment of minorities

Portuguese Trading Post Empire

• Small country and small population 

• Approach to colonization: take over key ports w/armed trade and control key ports to allow control of trade routes to extract wealth and resources

Portuguese Explorers

• Sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator

Portuguese Trading Post Empire of the 1500s

• Portugal desired sea routes to India and created a commercial empire in the Indian Ocean basin

  • Explorers such as Vasco Da Gama (1497)

  • Superior maritime technology and navigational skills

    • Armed trade

• Portugal established trading posts (small cities) to control and tax commerce - Cartaz System of passes

  • Muslim vs. European rivalry for trade routes

• Declined by 1600 due to overextension and resistance

  • Don’t have the manpower to maintain

Indian Ocean Trade: Asian Merchants

• Europeans cause disruption/restructuring

• Asian trade and merchants still flourished

  • Swahili Arabs

  • Omanis

  • Gujaratis (Hindu)

  • Javanese

• Continuity and change

Asian Isolationism: Tokugawa Japan and Ming China

• What to do about encroaching Europe?

• Closed Country Edict - Expelled Europeans and banned travel abroad: 1635

  • Maintained trade within Asia

  • Japan’s Isolation lasted until 1853

• Ming isolationism: banned foreign travel in 1434 and limited foreign trade

  • Decline of China

Dejima - Dutch Trading Post in Japan

• Exception to European ban

  • Allowed small trading post, only Europeans allowed to do trade

    • Dutch only wanted to do business with Japan, no desire to spread religion

The British and Dutch East India Companies: 1600

• Joint Stock Companies

  • Merchant investors share profits and risks

    • Capital

    • Limited liability: only lose what you chose to invest (can’t come after everything)

    • Finance exploration around the world

  • Royals charters granted monopolies

  • Private armies (to force trade - armed trade)

    • Rulers used to compete in global trade

The British and Dutch East India Companies: 1600s

• Both traded mass-market goods and profited from “carrying trade”

• The Dutch East India Company

  • Dutch are the most sophisticated merchants of the 1600s

  • Conquered spice islands of S.E. Asia

  • Monopolized trade (nutmeg, cinnamon, etc.)

• The British East India Company

  • Negotiated with the Mughal Empire to trade in India

  • Traded for cotton

• Both used private armies and navies

Potosi Silver Mine

• During the colonial era, 60% of the global silver came from this mine

  • Too much silver/money - inflation

  • Environmental - destroying/deforestation

Silver and Global Commerce

• Silver, a commodity, became a global currency

  • 1570s: China’s taxes

• Silver and European monopoly companies facilitated the global circulation of goods

  • Spanish Silver for Asian goods - Europe has something Asia wants

  • Regional markets continue to flourish

Effects of Silver Trade

• Global economy if flooded with silver

  • Inflation

• Spain - Spend wealth

  • Cathedral of Salamanca

• Japan - build its economy

  • compare/contrast the impact of silver

  • Sudden increase in wealth = bad, don’t know how to manage it

Spain in the Philippines: 1565

• Reasons for the Spanish Conquest of the Philippines

  • Proximity to China and the Spice Islands

    • Imported silver by Galleons (ships)

    • Divided and easy to conquer

  • Manilla became a center for commerce

Global Trade and Labor

• Demand for food and consumer goods increased

• Peasant and artisan labor intensified - forced by the government

  • W. Europe: wool and linen

  • India: cotton

  • China: silk