All You Need to Know for Apush
All You Need to Know for APush
Unit 1 (1491-1607)
Different regions:
Costal: permanent settlement, fishing
Great Basin (colorado, up to canada) hunter and gatherers, hunting buffalo
Pueblo: maize, farming
Mississippi River Valley: trade network, farming, Cahokia
Northeast: farming, communities, longhouse, surrounded by trees, Iroquois
Reasons for Europeans to come to America:
Process of Political Unifications (Ferdinand and Isabelle)
Growing upper class, and favoring Asian goods, however, muslin empires control the land-based routes
Portugal established a trading post empire, due to new maritime technology (astrolabe and compass, lateen sail)
Spain wanted to find a trade route to Asia and was also motivated by the Reconquista, the spread of Christianity, Christopher Columbus
The Columbian Exchange: transfer
Crops: maize, wheat and rice (longer life span)
Animals: turkey pig, horse (warfare and farming)
Disease: smallpox
Minerals: gold and silver
Facilitated The shift in Europe from a feudalistic society to a capitalistic community
The influx of money, the creation of joint stock
Change in social and economic makeup of the Americas
Spanish: coerced labor (enslaving natives, encomanida, hacienda) > increased demand for African slavery > establishment of the social caste system (social hierarchy system based on race and ancestry)
Change in understanding of each other
Native: the land is spiritual
European: the land is property
Practices adopted: maize cultivation from natives to Europeans
The debate of 2 sides: native is less than humans vs de las casas natives are also human beings
Unit 2 (1607-1754)
Key ideas:
The motives and methods of the Europeans
French: traded with Ojibwe Indians:
the natives had beaver skins for sale at the market and the French benefited the Indians by introducing iron cookware and manufactured claw
Dutch (mainly economic goals): fur trading center on the Hudson River (New York)
Were protestant
Shows no interest in converting
Established New Amsterdam
British:
Due to various reasons that cost a lot of their fortune, inflation began
The enclosure movement gave hardship to the farmers, while the wealthy owners saw grievances
Pushed for the economic motive to colonize America
People were seeking religious freedom and improved living conditions
Chesapeake Region (1607)
The establishment of Jamestown (first permanent colonial settlement in North America)
Financed by a joint-stock company
profit-seeking venture
1612, tobacco cultivation led to a huge influx of investment
Rise of indentured servants
Increased tension with natives
Berkeley (colony governor) refused to fight the natives
Bacon’s rebellion: poor farmers and indentured servants attacked the Indians and turned their militia towards the plantation by the governor
This led to the use of African slavery (the indentured servants were held in great respect and fear)
Plymouth (1620)
Settled by pilgrims
Migrated as families and were bound by their Christian beliefs
Farmers majority
West Indies and the southern Atlantic coast colonies
Established permanent colonies in the Caribbean (ex. Barbados)
Warm climate
Year-round growing season with staple cash crops
tobacco (1620-1630) and sugarcane (later in the 1630s)
Sugarcane
labor-intensive crop
Increasing demand for slavery
Sought to make a copy of the sugarcane system in the upper colonies (ex. South Carolina)
Growth of sugar plantations in the southern parts
Middle colonies
Diverse population
The export economy of cereal crops
Inequality between classes (elite (wealthy merchants) vs. working class (laborers, orphans widows…)
Has a significant amount of African slaves
Pennsylvania (founded by Quakers) that seeks for religious freedom
The land was obtained through negotiations mainly
Colonial leadership:
Lenient
self -governing structures
Dominated by elites, wealthy landlords, and planters
Mayflower Compact: pilgrims signed on the Mayflower (ship) which organized their government on the model of a self-governing church congregation
House of Burgesses: A representative assembly in Virginia that can levy taxes and pass laws
Southern parts had strict slave codes and northern had relatively few
Triangular Trade:
From England to Africa: rum
From Africa to the West Indies and the other colonies: Enslaved people
Goes through the point of no return and the ships sail across the middle passage where lots of people die due to poor conditions
From the West Indies and the other colonies to England: sugarcane
Extraordinary wealth gained by coerced labor
Mercantilism:
= an idea that the world has a fixed amount of wealth
Wants to export more than import to gain more gold and silver
Heavily relied on establishing colonies
British tried to control the colonies through the Navigations Act (trading with British ships only and certain items were required to pass exclusively through British ports to tax on)
Chattel Slavery
Viewing slaves as their property each generation inherited the title based on their ancestry
To keep them in control and have a growing labor force
Rebelled and resided (covert = secretly/small vs. overt = actual rebellions)
South Carolina (1739) a small group of slaves killed their owners and marched along the Stono River, however, they were later confronted
Unsettlements
Pueblo Revolt: Spain tried to assimilate the native culture and convert them to Christians
Metacom’s War (1675): The British encroached on their ancestral land, the natives allied themselves and attacked settlements, the British allied with the Mohawk to kill Metacom and the war ended
Colonial society
Enlightenment
Emphasized rational thinking, undermines scriptural and religious authority, the idea of natural rights, the idea of checks and balance, social contract, and popular sovereignty
Combusted the transatlantic print culture
John Locke
New light clergy: perched against the enlightenment ideals and emphasized democratic principles of the Bible
Laid groundwork of the 1st great awakening
1st Great Awakening: generated intense Christian enthusiasts and massive religious revival
George Whitfield, a preacher, traveled throughout all the colonies to gather people to preach to
large-scale return to the Christian faith
experience that bound the colonists together
first vestiges of a true American identity
seeds were sown for the rejection of the British
Anglicanization
Growth of English-like communities
experiencing a rising frustration with Britain
Seizing colonial men and then forcing them to serve in the Royal Navy
colonies were becoming increasingly aware of their natural right
Unit 3 (1754-1800)
Seven Years War (1754-1763)
a conflict between France and Great Britain that began in 1754 as a dispute over North American land claims
Pontiac War (1763)
opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area
Proclamation of 1763
Prevent expansion Appalachian
The American Revolutionary War (1765-1783)
Inspirations: Enlightenment
Scientific Revolution: Cause of Enlightenment.
Scientific explanations began to replace previous beliefs.
Individual Rights: Also known as natural rights
Life, Liberty, and Property
Thomas Jefferson: Wrote the Declaration of Independence (1776)
Effects of Transatlantic print culture
Benjamin Franklin: Join or Die Cartoon
the first political cartoon published in an American newspaper,
Illustrates a warning to the British colonies in America to "join or die" and exhorts them to unite against the French and the Natives.
Thomas Paine:” Common Sense” written for common people
Causes: Seven Years War
England v France + Indians over Ohio River Valley
End of salutary Neglect
unofficial British policy where parliamentary rules and laws were loosely or not enforced on the American colonies and trade
Taxes to pay for military (Stamp Act, Sugar Act, Intolerable Acts)
Taxation without representation
Forms/ organizations of Rebellions
Sons of Liberty
used acts of civil disobedience and violence to protest British taxation and push for independence
Attack tax collectors
Boston Tea Party
Sons of Liberty protested the tax on Tea by throwing it into the Boston Harbor angered by the Tea Act which undermined the merchants
Committee of Correspondence
a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies
Boston Massacre (1770)
First bloodshed
a confrontation in which British soldiers shot and killed several people while being harassed by a mob in Boston
Women
Republican Motherhood (more education and raising the children )
Daughters of liberty
protect the rights of colonists and resist British control through boycotts, protests, and intimidation
Articles of Confederation (1777)
Weak Central Government (Not allowed to raise taxes or army)
Other changes
African Americans:
North gradually abolished slavery, South remained the same
Native Americans
Lost territory
repealed the Proclamation of 1763
Middle-Class White Men
Lower property restrictions allowed the increased ability to vote
Lower Class
Put in debt due to high and unreasonable taxes
Northwest Ordinance (1787)
defined the process by which new states could be admitted into the Union from the Northwest Territory
Bans slavery in the Midwest
Political ideology
Federalists:
Strong Central Government
Hamilton, Madison
Pro-British
Anti-Democracy
Federalist Papers
Hamilton Financial Plan: Tariffs, and Central Bank
Supported by Northerners and Elites
Anti-Federalists (Democratic-Republicans):
Strong government
Agrarian Republicanism
Jefferson
Expand Democracy
Supported by poor whites and Southerners
Creation of the Constitution
The Constitutional Convention assembled in Philadelphia in May of 1787
Strong Government
Federalism
Checks and Balances
Legislative Branch: makes laws
Executive: enforces laws
Judicial: Supreme Court
Compromises:
Bill of Rights (Federalists v Anti-Federalists)
The Great Compromise: Big states and small states
House of Representatives by population
Senate has 2 rep from each state
3/5 th Compromise: North v South states
Dirty Compromise: Legalize slavery to pass constitution
Controversies
Shay’s Rebellion:
Rebellion of farmers in mass during the period of the Articles of Confederation
led to the realization of the imposition of a stronger government
Whiskey Rebellion:
backcountry farmers Protest on whiskey Tax
Jay’s Treaty:
Between the US and Britain to improve trade relations
beneficial to Great Britain but helped the United States avoid war
XYZ Affair
diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War
French demanded bribes from US diplomats
Alien and Sedition Act
Imprison or deport critics of the government
Unit 4 (1800-1848)
Key ideas:
Role and relationship between the federal and state
Territorial changes
Sectionalism
The New Republic Party trying to extend democratic ideas
Varies reform movements
Attempt to isolate in foreign affairs
Population density is moving west from the Pacific seaboard
Increase immigration (Irish, German, British)
Transportation improvement (Erie Canal, transcontinental railroads, national roads)
allows westward expansion
Whitney’s cotton gin with the increase in cotton production
led to an increased use of slavery
Struggles and land loss of the natives
The Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)
the defeat of Ticomsa
Indian Removal Act
ignoring the Supreme Court by Jackson and the trail of tears
The struggle for neutrality
the embargo act was a huge failure
ultimately led to War with Britain
Seek to expand:
British-American convention: 49th parallel, joint occupation of Oregon
Louisiana purchase: from the french in 1803 by Jefferson
Rush-Bagot treaty
Barbary pirates
War of 1812: fought to a stalemate with the British, got British forts
John C Calhoun wanted to expand into Canada
supported war with Britain
Addam onis treaty: gained Florida from Spain~ they sold it(1819)
Monroe doctrine: no intervention in European affairs
Lone star republic: Texas annexation controversy
Rise of nationalism:
Cultural nationalism
in patriotic themes in art like the Hudson River school
Economic nationalism
The American System by Henry Clay
Calling the need of 2nd National Bank
Internal transportation improvement
Funding for the building of the Erie Canal
Political nationalism:
only one political party (the democratic-republicans)
the era of good feelings
Politics
Electron of 1800: Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist)
The era of good feeling (federalists are gone, however, there were factions within the republican party)
Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams defeated Andrew Jackson,
corrupt bargain (widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House, convinced Congress to elect Adams)
Age of the common man
almost all adult white men had gained the right to vote, and more government positions became elective rather than appointive
Election of 1828: Andrew Jackson and the rise of 2nd party system
Democrats (Jackson) v Whigs (Clay)
Whigs favored economic expansion through an activist government, and Democrats through limited central government. Whigs supported corporate charters, a national bank, and paper currency; Democrats were opposed to all three.
The veto power of Jackson
Veto the passing of the extended charter of the national bank (2nd national bank)
Women
Cult of domesticity: women should stay in domestic spheres (restricting women's power)
Republican motherhood: women should raise good children
Seneca Falls Convention: declaration of rights and sentiments
outlining their grievances to the country and calling for equal rights
African Americans
Raised pro-slavery arguments
Growing tension over racism
Extended/ surrogate families
Spiritual support in music and religions influenced by the 2nd Great Awakening
Slave resistance
Net Turner Rebellion (1831)
> Rebellions led to stricter slave codes
Abolitionist movement in the north
Raised by the free black population
Sectionalism (federal power vs state government; North, Northeast, West, South)
North
Rise of Manufacturing
Urbanization (growth of cities)
Slater’s factory system
Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts
Steam engines
Lowell system
Commonwealth v. health: labor unions are allowed
Immigrants tend to settle in the north (better economic opportunities)
Rise of nativist group: know nothing group (against immigrants)
Hartford convention: New England federalists were considering secession due to the War of 1812
South
The rise of the plantation aristocratic class = wealthy farmers
The majority did not own slaves yet supported the idea of slavery
Code of Chivalry- a strong sense of honor > Northerners called for abolition > Southerners were defensive > Some used religion to defend
Nullification Crisis: South Carolina votes to nullify the Tariff of 1828 and 1832
Jackson ordered federal troops and the compromise Tariff of 1833
Southern states morally supported
Differences/arguments
2nd bank is supported by the North and opposed by the South
Jackson vetoed
The rise of pet banks angered a lot of states
Internal transportation improvement: State rights supporters opposed
Missouri issue:
divided the north and south
temporarily resolved by the Missouri compromise
Supreme Court will increase the power of the federal government
John Marshall = Federalist
Marbury v. Madison
McCulloch V Maryland
Gibbons v. Ogden
Second Great Awakening= spiritual reform from within
Led to reforms
Temperance movement
Prison Reform
Abolitionism
Women’s right
Education
Utopian Society
Unit 6 (1865-1898)
Post-Civil War expansion
Economic opportunities: mining, farming, and cattle industry
Federal government policies: Homestead Act (160 acres if you move west), Pacific Railroad Act
Active federal government: removing natives and having subsidies for the railroad companies
Conservationist movement
Preserve natural resources
Government agencies and conservationist vs. corporate interest
Department of Interior (1849)
US Fish Commission
Sierra Club- fight for conservation and preservation of natural resources
Native American Policies
Violent conflicts:
Sand Creek Massacre (1864)- killing of 100 natives
Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)-
Ghost Dance movement-
Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)- the last major battle between the US and the natives, killed over 200 native
Assimilation Policies
Tribes were forced onto reservations (ex. Great Sioux Reserve)
Dawes Severalty Act (1887): Intended to end tribal ownership of land
the government wanted native tribes to be on private farms
Carlisle Indian schools: intended to assimilate natives
Industrialization
Large-scale production
massive technological change
improved communication networks
Businesses want to maximize the exploitation of labor and natural resources
Industry leaders sought to dominate their industries by establishing monopolies, trusts, and pools
Carnegie in steel and Rockefeller in oil
Horizontal integration: consolidating all competitors to monopolize a market
Vertical integration: control all aspects of the manufacturing process
Justified with social Darwinism and the survival of the fittest
Supports laissez faire
The New South
Attempt to industrialize the south
Increase textile factories
The majority of African American laborers in the post-reconstruction south
Remained dependent on agriculture
Tenant farming
Sharecropping
Farmer’s pov
Adapted to mechanized agriculture and dependence on railroad companies
Problems:
falling prices, tight money supply, high tariffs, costly machines, unfair railroad practices
Grange Movement- social and educational activities that lobbied state legislatures for reforms
Farmers Alliance (Texas, 1870s) - everyone but blacks
Colored Farmers Alliance- everyone but tenant farmers
Creation of the 3rd party: populist party
Government ownership of railroads
Free and unlimited coinage of silver to increase the money supply
Graduated income tax (so the wealthy’s had to pay more)
Direct election of senators
Use of initiatives and referendums
Industrial Revolution
Borough new economic opportunities for immigrants and workers
New Career Opportunities for African Americans and Women
although there was still the existence of heavy social prejudice
Low wages and dangerous working conditions
Workers organized:
Knights of Labor (1869)- a union for all workers; declined after the Haymarket Riot of 1886
American Federation of Labour (1886)- Samuel Gompers and the union for skilled workers; focused mainly on wages and working conditions
Labor movements (failures):
Homestead Strike
Pullman Strike
The division between skilled and unskilled; ethnic and racial groups
Hostility from corporations and no protection from the government
Labor movements (success)
Confronted corporate power directly
National Labour Union Movement
Rise of union leadership
Eugene Debs
Mother Jones
Government intervention
The Era of Gilded Age (Mark Twain)
Things are not as good as what they appear to be
politics = big business
Laissez faire ideal prevented the government from actively regulating the economy
Regulations
Munn v. Illinois- ruled that states could regulate railroads
Wabash Case (1886) led to the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887
Sherman Anti-Trust Act- outlawed trusts and monopolies that fix prices and restrained trade
Also implemented against the labor unions
Migrations
Internal:
Settle mostly in the frontier due to the Homestead Act and the transcontinental railroad in the west
Move to urban areas
Great Migration- African Americans moving out of the South to North
External:
Large Scale immigration from China
Settle along the West Coast majority
“New immigrants” from southern and eastern Europe (Russia, Italy, Poland)
Settle also in urban areas
Rise of nativism
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
American Protective Association: anti-catholic group by American Protestants
Literacy Test: tried to keep southern and eastern Europeans out
Challenges of urbanization and immigration
Cities were divided among classes, races, ethnicities, and cultures
Workers were kept in extreme poverty
The contrast between the two extreme classes called out the wealthy that they were enjoying the lives of “conspicuous consumption”
Tenement housing (cramped areas and poor living conditions)
Crisis to both assimilate and maintain their own unique cultural identities
Creation of China Town in San Fransico
Political machines- exchanging welfare services and jobs for political support (votes)
Challenges of the Gilded Age
Gospel of Wealth= wealthy had a moral obligation to help out the poor
Andrew Carnegie's “Wealth”
Settlement house movement (Jane Addams)
Sought to relieve urban poverty and provide assistance to immigrants
Social gospel movement
Christians had a responsibility to deal with urban poverty
Socialist party challenged capitalism
Edward Bellamy's “Looking Backward”: utopian socialist society with fixed social and economic injustices
Eventually led to the Progressive Movement (1890s)
Social challenges
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Attempts to secure the right to vote for women
Booker T Washinton- African Americans should obtain skills that can help them gain their own respect and economic security themselves
Unit 5 (1844–1877)
Manifest Destiny
to expand westward and extend its power in the Western Hemisphere
implying that God planned that the United States take over and populate the land from coast to coast.
Oregon Trail:
Migrants to the West traveled along one of several overland routes
a 2,000-mile route from Missouri to the Pacific Northwest.
“Forty-Niners:”
A large percentage who migrated to California in 1849
Getting access to gold beneath the surface required capital-intensive methods which require costly machines
This led to the creation of boom towns
The Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)
promoted secondary public education primarily in the West.
the federal government transferred substantial tracts of its lands to the states.
The states could build public colleges on these lands, or they could sell the land to fund the building of educational facilities.
The Pacific Railroad Act (1862) and supplementary acts
extended government bonds and tracts of land to companies engaged in building transcontinental railroads
The Homestead Act (1862)
provided free land in the region to settlers who were willing to farm it.
reflected the “free-labor” ideal of the Republicans.
Unit 7 (1890-1945)
Unit 8 (1945-1980)
Unit 9 (1980-Present)