Classical conditioning - pair a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus that causes a response 

unconditioned stimulus - Automatically triggers an unconditioned response 

unconditioned response - An unlearned, natural response to unconditioned stimulus 

Neutral stimulus - Elicits no response before conditioning 

conditioned stimulus - originally neutral; pairing with US triggers conditioned response   

conditioned response - Learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus 

Generalization - Things similar to the conditioned stimulus elicits similar responses 

discrimination - Ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli 

Operant conditioning - Learning based on outcome that follows a behavior 

Positive reinforcement - Present a desired reward after a behavior 

negative reinforcement - Take away undesirable stimulus after behavior 

Positive Punishment - present an undesirable stimulus after behavior 

negative punishment - take away desirable stimulus after behavior 

Drawbacks to punishment - Teaches fear and aggression; Learner may only decrease behavior in some situations; Negatively reinforces punishers’ behavior 

Observational learning - Learning by watching and imitating others 

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll experiment – Children witnessed adults displaying violence to a doll and therefore also exhibited these behaviors  

Prosocial modeling - helpful, nonviolent, cooperative behaviors 

antisocial modeling - Witnessing aggression -> aggressive behaviors 

Intelligence – ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations 

Spearman’s general intelligence - General mental abilities that underlie performance on cognitive tasks (Spatial, numerical, mechanical, and verbal abilities) 

Sternberg’s three intelligences - practical intelligence, creative intelligence, analytical intelligence 

practical intelligence - Street smarts and Common sense 

creative intelligence - Music and art; Coming up with new and innovative ideas; Resourceful 

analytical intelligence - School smart; Black and white answers; Answering straightforward questions 

Emotional intelligence – Perceiving, understanding, managing, and using emotions; Both interpersonal & intrapersonal 

Achievement tests - reflect what is learned 

aptitude tests - predict ability to learn a new skill 

Issues with IQ testing – Misapplication and used to discriminate; it tests Acedemic intelligence not real-world intelligence; applied to situations not dealing with kids or Acedemic intelligence; discriminates against people who are disabled or don't speak the language; used IQ testing to diagnose psych disorders; WATCH VIDEO 

What is developmental psychology - Studies physical, cognitive, and social growth across the lifespan 

Stages in Piaget’s Theory of Development – Something about what each stage entails 

Sensorimotor stage - Experience world through senses; lack object permanence  

Preoperational stage - Representing things with words and images; Pretend play & egocentrism; Do have object permanence; Lack conservation  

Concrete operational stage - Thinking logically about concrete concepts 

Formal operational stage - Reasoning abstractly; Hypothetical and theoretical thinking 

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory - Examined how much a development is impacted by different levels of environment 

Microsystems - immediate environment of individual (Friends, Workplace, School, Family) 

Mesosystem- interaction of microsystems (Friend-family interactions, School-work balance) 

Exosystem - systems and settings beyond the individual (City council, School district, Relative's workplace, Social services) 

Macrosystem - overarching patterns, beliefs, and values (Systems of oppression, Social norms, Laws, Cultural beliefs   

Chronosystem: changes across society (Times of war and pandemics) 

Define the three stages of memory 

Encoding - getting information into memory 

Storage - retaining encoded information over time 

Retrieval - accessing info from memory storage 

Recall - retrieve info previously learned (open ended) 

Recognition - identify info previously learned (Matching) 

relearning - learning something faster a second or later time (studying for an exam) 

Implicit memory - learned skills or classically conditioned associations, Encoded through automatic, unconscious processing 

explicit memory - Memory of facts/experiences one consciously knows; Effortful processing 

semantic memory - facts and general knowledge 

episodic memory - personally experienced events 

Effortful processing strategies (i.e., chunking and mnemonics) - 

Chunking - organizing items into familiar, manageable units   

Mnemonics - Memory aids, especially ones that use vivid imagery and organizational devices   

Hierarchies - organizing items into categories that are divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts 

Understanding spacing and testing effects - 

Spacing effect - encoding spread over time  

Testing effect - retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information 

Shallow processing - encodes on basic level (a word’s letters) or on a more intermediate level (a word’s sound) 

deep processing - encodes semantically, based on word meaning 

Flashbulb memory - clear memories of emotionally significant moments or events; Emotion-triggered hormonal changes and rehearsal 

Context-dependent memory - recall information when the context is the same for encoding and retrieval 

Serial position effect - tendency to recall the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list 

Anterograde amnesia - Inability to form new memories 

retrograde amnesia - Inabilities to recall past memories 

Misinformation effect - corruption of a memory by misleading information 

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs - Physiological needs, Safety needs, Belongingness and love needs, Esteem needs, Self-actualization needs, Self-transcendence needs 

Physiological needs - Need to satisfy hunger and thirst  

Safety needs - Need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable  

Belongingness and love needs - Need to love and be loves, to belong and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and separation  

Esteem needs - Need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; need for recognition and respect from others  

Self-actualization needs - Need to live up to our fullest and unique potential   

Self-transcendence needs - Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self 

Human motivation behind the need to belong (AKA  

affiliation need – the need to belong; Goal: build relationships and be part of group; Survival; Health, performance, and self-esteem; Thwarts loneliness and social isolation 

Achievement motivation - Desire for accomplishment, mastery of skills/ideas, for control, and attaining a high standard 

Grit - passion and perseverance towards long-term goals 

Extrinsic motivation - Performing behavior for external rewards or to avoid punishment 

Intrinsic motivation - Performing behavior for its own sake