EXAM 2 History
EXAM 2 Terms & Definitions
Election of 1800: Jefferson vs burr, house voted 36 times, Jefferson became president, first peaceful transition between parties in power
Thomas Jefferson: elected 1800 and 1804, 3rd president, Virgina Dynasty, served Secretary of State, helped establish Virgina College, sent to William and Mary School
Revolution of 1800: when Jefferson came into power, marked beginning of the end of the Federalist, Patronage; is able to put people into office, appointed many Republicans to positions
Marbury v. Madison (1803): supreme court case, established by John Marshall (Federalist), declared Judiciary Act of 1789 was declared unconstitional, creates Judicial review; able to declare acts of Congress unconsistional.
Louisiana Purchase (1803): one of the most important things Jefferson did, bought from France, needed to find a legal constituional way to buy territory, neccessary and proper clause couldnt be used, made a treaty and gained land
Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806): explored from Louisiana teerritory, went to Pacific, Jefferson planned the trip and handpicked them, would’ve gone if not president, took 50 men, established relationship with Natives, observed flora and fauna
Embargo Act (1807): British seizing American ships, Jefferson got Congress to pass, prevented American ships from sailing to Europe, wasnt enforceable, was a failure, ships still seized. Every plan failed, Washington, Adams, and Jefferson
Sally Hemings: one of Jefferson’s enslaved laborers, rumored to have children of Jefferson, turns out it was true, Jefferosn’s Monticello
James Madison: successor to Thomas Jefferson, Virgina Dynasty and Secretary of State, elected 1808 and 1812, Federalist party had little interest to common folk. Forign policy was main focus, nepolontic wars and seziure of American ships due to neutrality.
impressment: British taking American sailors into custoty and forcing them to serve on British vessels, 1810, midterm elections big topic.
War Hawks: electors who wanted to go to war. Henry Clay; kentuucy house of rep, John C Calhoun; south carolina leader of war hawks. Several speeeches on impressment and warNew Madrid Earthquake (1811-1812): strongest earthquake in the US, Missouri, 4 strong earthquakes, 1812 strongest, river flowed backwards Mississpii
War of 1812: war hawks got Madison to call for war and Congress agreed. First formal declaration of war, military struggle, britihs troops burned down the white house, dolly madison saved portrait of george washington, only post office remained, british bombared Fort of McHenty; star-spangled banner
Treaty of Ghent (1814)” Belgium, ended the war, maintained status quo, arrived after battle of New Orleans, impressment and seziure of Americna ships ended with Neoplonatic Wars. Federalist opposed the war, interested in trade
Hartford Convention (1814): meeting of anti-war federalist, beleived war was a failure, proposed series of resolutions, 2/3 vote of Congress for Embaro Acts and declarations of war. No presidental succession (1 term), no two consectuvie presidents from same state. End of federalist party
James Monroe: elected 1860 and 1820, VA and secetary of state, era of good feelings, starts to fade and is gone during his presidnecy
Economic Nationalism: 1816-1817, recreaiton of Hamiltion’s programs, bank he created failed, ecomony goes wild, wantes to create the 2nd bank of the US, charted in 1816-1836, successful, protective tariff protects manufactouring, interal improvements
Panic of 1819: everything starts crash, downfall of economy, sicklie in nature, cotton prices, england biggest buyer, 1818 it become ssuper ricer, 1819 price lowered due to england, hurts farmers/southerners, 2nd bank of us, no creit, no loans, hurts American, people start to turn on bank
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): supreme court case, mcculloch was a clerk of 2nd bank, maryland had a loaw, any bank had to pay tax, they are taxing federal gov, does a state have ability to tax governmemnt, about state rights, whos more powerful, John Marshall chief justice, tax was unconstitiunal, southerns did not like this, sectional identity
Missouri Compromise (1820): 22 states, 11 were slave staes, 11 free states, 22 vs 22 senators, if any got majority, it could hurt the other, Missouri wanted t become slave state wuld be 24 v 22, Henry Clay helps pass the compromise, helped resolve crisis, Missorui became slave stae, Maine created as free state.
Monroe Doctrine (1823): foreign polciy doctirne, europe has too much influence inw estern hemisphee, tried to reduce influence, anti-imperialism, no more colonies, hands off, monarchy incompatiable, noninvolvment, american not involved in European affairs, incldued in his annual message in 1823, england supported it, might not have worked without them, helped with Ameircan imperialism
Election of 1824: John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson, John C, Calhoun, WIlliam. Crawford, Henry Clay, all possible canidiates. John Q Adams becmae president, made Henry Clay secretary of state
“Corrupt Bargain”: Jackson accused Clay and Adams of bargaining for President and Secretary of State. Emergence of 2 political parties from Republicans (democratic republicans and whig)
John Q. Adams: elected in 1824, appointed men who were hardworking rather than political affliation. Appointed John Mclean who supported Jackson postal.
Election of 1828: Jackson vs Adams, nastiest, dirtiest campaign, focused on personalities, foused on Jackson fighting in duels, lifestyle, and family, Coffin bill, signs of the times (adams), Jackson supporters spoke about the corrupt bargain and the popular vote and how Adams wanted to be king. Aristocrat vs commoner
Andrew Jackson: elected in 1828 and 1832, John C. Calhoun was vice president (sitting vice president for John Q Adams), first president to be prisoner of war, lawyer, assiassnation attempt. Raychel Jackson died and Jackson blamed the Adams and Clays, magnolia trees, wild parties, spoils system
“Kitchen Cabinet”: unoffical set of advisors, group of friends who he trusted for advice, almost every president after had one.
Jacksonian Democracy: 1824, popular vote for presidental elections, increased indivudal freedoms, focused on citizen participation, several states removed property qualifications for voting, government doing the will of the people, sectionalizm became important
Martin Van Buren: state, opposed state rights, opposed nullifcation, alliance to country, nationalist
John C. Calhoun: vice president, supported state rights, nullification, primary alliance with state, south, country, sectionalsit
Jefferson Day Dinner (1830): democratic party function in honor of Thomas Jefferson, Jackson mad estatement about his disagreement with state rights, led to Buren succeeding Jackson, hatred grew between Jackson and Calhoun
Eaton Affair: Peggy O’neal (Eaton) father owned boarding houses while Congress was in session, alligations Peggy was being too forwad and friendly to boarders. Rumors that she had affairs with John Eaton, Calhoun would not speak to Eaton due to Peggy’s reputation, Jackson ordered members on cabinet to speak to Eaton. Buren also sympatic with Eatons
Webster-Hayne Debate (1830): Congressional debate, federalism vs state rights, nationalist vs sectionalist. Daniel Webster; nationalist great speaker 2 day speech defending states rights union, Robert Hayne; sectionalist Calhoun sent notes to Hayne, growing sectionalist identity eventually leading to civil war, jackson appointed Buren to embassortor fo England, but Calhoun denied the tiebreaker
Nullification Crisis (1832): political theory that state has authority to veto laws congress has passed, Jackson did not believe in nullification. Tariff of 1832 beginning f nullification crisis, south carloina was the most radical, held convention to nullify tariff, Jackson says states have no authority, Congress repsonded with Force Bill, permitted President to take any measures necessary to collect tariffs. Ordiance of Nullification, no other states nullified the tariffs. Henry Clay wrote the Compromise Tariff of 1833, ended the crisis by reducing tariff rates gradually
concurrent majority: written by Calhoul, stated South was becoming minoority and North was the majoirty. Stated a duel presidency (north and western president), enevr enacted
Bank War: center issue in 1832 presidential election,Charter 1816-1836 had to be renewed or it would die out. Jackson vs Clay, Clay wanted to use bank issue to hurt Jackson. Rechartering bill in 1832, use it against Jackson and he vetoed it. Printed anti-Jackson pposters as a king, most Americans agreed with Jackson.
Indian policy: Natives occupied land America wanted, jackson wanted antives removed and Congress passed Indian Removal Act 1830, negoiate treaties of removal with all native american groups, 100 treaties, wanted them moved west of missisppi. Opposition in South, conflicts, severl wars in south. Assination attempt on jackson, both guns misfired and went after the attacker
Compact of 1802: agreement between fed gov and georiga. Ga give up land west of Chakahooce river if fed goverment removed all natives from georiga.
Adaptation: Cherokees wanted to adopt to GA society to keep land, created a language for Americnas, publised a newspaper, wrote a constitution, enslaved people, 1828, state legislature passed law to end Cherokee laws and give terrirtory to Georgia. Gold was discovered
Twenty-Niners: 10,000 miners came to Dalongega and Aurara to mine gold, started gold rush
Dahlonega/Auraria: sites with gold
“Great Intrusion”: natives called the serveral miners as intruders on their lands. Laywers told ntives to take their cases to supreme court
William Wirt: became Cherokee’s attorney, was attoney general under Monrow and Madison. Ran for third party but lost
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831): Wirt wanted an injunction that it was illegal for GA to do that, stated that Cherokkees were foreign nation with soverighty, us coulld not excert authortiy over them. Supreme court rejcted the statement as it was flaws.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832): Samual Worcester, Christian missionary trying to convert Cherokees to Christianty. thosr who enteted Cherokee land had to take an oath th respect Georiga. Samuel did not take that oath and was arrested. Wirt used this to enter court again, stated GA did not have authoirty to exert power to Cherokee land, said Fed gover had sole power. John Marshall sided with Cherokee to become state. Jackson did not enforce the decision. Cherokees could not keep their land. GA began distributing land and fed began treaties.
Lottery of 1832: GA used lottery system to give land, 6th land lottery, last lottery. All GA residents could ente the lottery, two plots of land, 50 acers and 40 acer plots with gold, Miliguille was capital held there, local newspapers sent out results, people tried buying land from winners, loss of large amounts of revenue
Treaty of New Echota (1835): new echota capital of Cherokee nation. Treaty ceited the land to Georiga. Natives receied land west of missispii and 5 million dollars
Trail of Tears: Physical removal of Cherokee nation, land and river routes, 13,000 began, small amount stayed in east, 5000 died en rount, US army escorted them, no adequte supplies
Placer mining: 1 of 2 general methods, removing golf paricals form surface of land. panning, cradle rocker, and slvice box
Vein mining: other general method, looking for quartz of gold in rocks, digging shafts and tunnels in earth to find gold, pulley system to bring quartz up and then broke it. Stamp Mill was alrge weight teid to a rope to crash dwon on quartz. Costed a lot of money, gold was determiend by general store by owner, sent to US mint in Philadelpiha, gold coins were made, 1.8 million dollars worth of gold
Dahlonega Mint: built in Georgia, 1838-1861, produced 1.5 million gold coins, 6 millllion dollars, gold eventually played out, less amounts of gold found, gold eventually found in san fansiscio in calilforica twenty-niners.
Urban revolution: urban areas grew faster and larger, populatoion of 2500 or more
Urban problems: housing big issue, low quality homes, delcine in morality, prostitutes, saftety, fires, dirt, disease, health
Manifest Destiny: expansion westward, us should own everything from atlantic to pacific
Oregon: 49-540 england dispute over Oregon
Texas: us bleived border was rio grande river, mexico claimed it was Nuwasi river
James K. Polk: 1884 presidnet, 54-40 or fight against England, negoitation settlement with England,s ent troops into disputed terriotry in Texas
Mexican War (1846-1848): polk’s war message, lincoln campainged against the war and proposed te spot resolution bad, miexican army wa slarger and etter, but usa had better leaders. Mexico surrendered
“Spot Resolution”: prosposed by Lincoln
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (1848):Rio Grande was border of US and Mexico, mexico govement ceeded its territory westward, 5 million in exchange, USA achieved manfiiest destiny
Frederick Jackson Turner: Westward expansion, historian, most hsitory about American was about east, wrote about the west. Founder of western history.
Frontier Thesis: west was more democratic
Proclamation Line of 1763: uprisings in Ohio, king George put down the line, forbaging colonies to cross the procliamtion line for saftety, did not work, sale of land was important for country
Ordinance of 1785: Thhomas Jefferosn wrote, land was devided into townships 6 square miles, action, $1 per acers min, non wealty could not buy $640
Land Ordinance of 1786: revised ordicance of 1785, $2 per acers, 1 section $640 at sale then $640 year later.
Land Law of 1800: revised 2 prior ordiances, $2 per 1 acer, half a section $320, payment plan, quarter eveyr year $160. Squatters began settling on land and not playing
Preemption Act of 1841: gave squatters first right to purchase the land they have settled, still allowed loop holes. 1840s famrers felt entitield to land due to making it useful, south objected to giving farmers land due to tariffs
Homestead Act of 1862: any adult could claim 160 acers of public domain, live on land for 5 years and improve it, 12x14 dwelling means improvement
Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): support argicutural education, used to get land, each state recvied 30,000 acers of west land per eahc memeber of COngress, states sell land for agircultural education, states created programs attached to Universties, census eveyr center point in us moved west, transporation was an obstacle.
Transcontinental Railroad: shortining the travel time sfor western travel
Donner Party (1846): 87 illinos people traveld to cali using a shortcut, got to Sierra Nevada too late ad got trapped, resorted to cannibalism and 46 survived, pushed for transcontiential railroad
Theodore D. Judah: 1861, proposed plan to Congress, san fransicio to boarder of Cali, two companies connect railroads. Congres sliked the Congress, Pacific Railroad Act
Union Pacific Railroad: started in Omahaw to westward
Central Pacific Railroad: cali to eastward
Symmetric Town: railroad tracks in middle, buildings on both sides
Orthogonal Town: 90 degree angle, railroad tracks, buildings down a line vertically
T-Town: popular, most common, buildings on one side, forms a T
Western Town: gneeral stores, saloons, hotels most important and taken town and rebuilt in other towns
Dime novels: how east understod life in the west
James Fenimore Cooper: creator of the dime novels, hero, bad guy, common character tropes in books, theme always good prevails voer evil, 1857, 100 came out, very consistent themes and characters, how people got ideas of the west, fictional
Progressive Historians (Early 20th Century) – Saw Jacksonian politics as a movement against economic privilege and political corruption.
Frederick Jackson Turner – Framed Jacksonianism as a frontier protest against the conservative Eastern aristocracy.
Arthur M. Schlesinger (1945) – Argued Jacksonian democracy aimed to curb capitalist power for the benefit of farmers and laborers across regions, likening it to modern reform movements.
Richard Hofstadter (1948) – Argued Jackson represented aspiring entrepreneurs, not the working class, and sought to remove obstacles to their success rather than uplift those below them.
Bray Hammond (1957) – Described Jacksonianism as a struggle between enterprisers and established capitalists, rather than a broad democratic movement.
Marvin Meyers (1957) – Saw Jacksonianism as a nostalgic effort to restore an agrarian past rather than a forward-thinking reform movement.
Social and Cultural Focus (1960s Onward) – Shifted away from Jackson himself to societal structures in the era.
Lee Benson (1961) – Used quantitative methods to show religion and ethnicity influenced party divisions.
Edward Pessen (1969) – Argued Jacksonian America was increasingly stratified, not more democratic.
Sean Wilentz (1984, 2005) – Examined grassroots democratic movements and how ordinary white citizens, rather than Jackson himself, fueled the era’s political changes.
Critical Reassessments (Late 20th–21st Century) – Examined the racial and exclusionary aspects of Jacksonian Democracy.
Michael Rogin (1975) – Depicted Jackson as securing white male supremacy.
Alexander Saxton (1990) – Defined Jacksonian Democracy as explicitly built on white dominance over enslaved people, women, and Native Americans.
Traditional Defenders – Maintained Jackson as a leader for the common people.
Robert V. Remini – Acknowledged flaws but upheld Jackson as a "man of the people."
Jon Meacham (2009) – Reached a similar conclusion in American Lion.
Recent Scholarship (2018–2019) – Emphasized Jackson’s role in slavery and Native American removal.
David & Jeanne Heidler (2018) – Highlighted his expansion of slavery and restricted democracy.
Christina Snyder (2019) – Focused on his undermining of Native cultures and land dispossession.
Over time, interpretations of Jacksonian Democracy evolved from seeing it as a populist movement to critiquing its exclusionary and exploitative aspects.