BIOL 472 final

  1. What happens to membrane potential in a hypothetical cell that has more sodium outside if Na+ permeability increases?

    1. Membrane potential becomes more positive

  2. Estrogen and progesterone are released from what to maintain endometrium?

    1. Corpus luteum

  3. Receptor types

    1. Alpha adrenergic: sympathetic receptor of skin, etc…

    2. Beta 1 adrenergic: contractile cell of the heart

    3. Beta 2 adrenergic: arterioles of the heart

    4. Nicotinic: post ganglionic receptor 

    5. Muscarinic: target muscle/gland post ganglionic

  4. ECG question: P wave/atrial depolarization

  5. Endocrine 

    1. (Primary/Secondary/Tertiary; hypo/hypersecretion)

    2. What gland (Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid)

    3. Secondary hypersecretion of anterior pituitary

  6. How many molecules of oxygen does hemoglobin release at resting cells

    1. 1 oxygen molecule

  7. What does right shift of oxyhemoglobin curve indicate?

    1. High CO2

    2. Decrease pH

    3. Increase temp

  8. How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

    1. As bicarbonate

  9. Central chemoreceptors located in (medulla) senses (CO2)

  10. What controls afferent renal arterioles to control GFR?

    1. Macula densa

  11. Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule into SGLT transporter by this method.

    1. Move down gradient with sodium, primary active transport

  12. Micturition, if muscarinic receptor is blocked, will urine be difficult or easier

    1. Difficult as parasympathetic stimulation is blocked so muscle cant contract

  13. GFR question

    1. Filtration vs excretion rate

    2. Solute filtration rate: 30

    3. Solute excretion rate: 40

    4. Solute is filtrated and secreted; no reabsorption

  14. If ECF decreases to compensate the heart will: 

    1. Contract more and beat faster (to increase BP levels)

  15. RAS primary stimulus is 

    1. Low blood pressure

  16. Receptor that triggers thirst is:

    1. Hypothalamic osmoreceptor

  17. What is function of ADH/vasopressin?

    1. It increase blood volume and blood pressure

  18. For water to move from tubule to vasa recta, the osmolarity of vasa recta must be (greater) in osmolarity to absorb fluid

  19. ACE enzyme converts

    1. Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 

  20. What is the hormone that decrease BP

    1. ANP/atrial natriuretic peptide

  21. ABG scenario

    1. Uses pH, CO2, bicarbonates

    2. My scenario was metabolic acidosis

  22. COPD a chronic condition that leads to respiratory acidosis will make body compensate in what way

    1. Secrete more H+ and absorb more bicarb

  23. Kidney controls BP what way

    1. Angiotensin 2 from adrenal gland (WRONG)

    2. Renin from granular cell (CORRECT)

  24. When lung expatriates, lung volume will (Decrease), and pressure will also (increase)What happens to membrane potential in a hypothetical cell that has more sodium outside if Na+ permeability increases?

    1. Membrane potential becomes more positive

  25. Estrogen and progesterone are released from what to maintain endometrium?

    1. Corpus luteum

  26. Receptor types

    1. Alpha adrenergic: sympathetic receptor of skin, etc…

    2. Beta 1 adrenergic: contractile cell of the heart

    3. Beta 2 adrenergic: arterioles of the heart

    4. Nicotinic: post ganglionic receptor 

    5. Muscarinic: target muscle/gland post ganglionic

  27. ECG question: P wave/atrial depolarization

  28. Endocrine 

    1. (Primary/Secondary/Tertiary; hypo/hypersecretion)

    2. What gland (Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, thyroid)

    3. Secondary hypersecretion of anterior pituitary

  29. How many molecules of oxygen does hemoglobin release at resting cells

    1. 1 oxygen molecule

  30. What does right shift of oxyhemoglobin curve indicate?

    1. High CO2

    2. Decrease pH

    3. Increase temp

  31. How is the majority of CO2 transported in blood?

    1. As bicarbonate

  32. Central chemoreceptors located in (medulla) senses (CO2)

  33. What controls afferent renal arterioles to control GFR?

    1. Macula densa

  34. Glucose is reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule into SGLT transporter by this method.

    1. Move down gradient with sodium, primary active transport

  35. Micturition, if muscarinic receptor is blocked, will urine be difficult or easier

    1. Difficult as parasympathetic stimulation is blocked so muscle cant contract

  36. GFR question

    1. Filtration vs excretion rate

    2. Solute filtration rate: 30

    3. Solute excretion rate: 40

    4. Solute is filtrated and secreted; no reabsorption

  37. If ECF decreases to compensate the heart will: 

    1. Contract more and beat faster (to increase BP levels)

  38. RAS primary stimulus is 

    1. Low blood pressure

  39. Receptor that triggers thirst is:

    1. Hypothalamic osmoreceptor

  40. What is function of ADH/vasopressin?

    1. It increase blood volume and blood pressure

  41. For water to move from tubule to vasa recta, the osmolarity of vasa recta must be (greater) in osmolarity to absorb fluid

  42. ACE enzyme converts

    1. Angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 

  43. What is the hormone that decrease BP

    1. ANP/atrial natriuretic peptide

  44. ABG scenario

    1. Uses pH, CO2, bicarbonates

    2. My scenario was metabolic acidosis

  45. COPD a chronic condition that leads to respiratory acidosis will make body compensate in what way

    1. Secrete more H+ and absorb more bicarb

  46. Kidney controls BP what way

    1. Angiotensin 2 from adrenal gland (WRONG)

    2. Renin from granular cell (CORRECT)

  47. When lung expatriates, lung volume will (Decrease), and pressure will also (increase)