Review/Module 7: Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, & Behavior AND Module 9: Sleep & Dreams (Tues 09/23/25) Class 5

So, okay, so for this, the study that's cited here, study A, what do you think the hypothesis or research question is?

The hypothesis makes a direct kind of prediction about something.

A research question is just the question that the researchers want answered.

Yes.

If observing a student cheating on a test will increase cheating among other students.

Yeah.

They want to know if there's going to be an increase in students among other students.

Cheating among other students if they see another student cheating.

Okay.

Versus if they don't cheat.

So what kind of methodology is this?

What does it look most like?

Is it like a case study, descriptive study?

Like a case study, naturalistic observation or survey, correlational, or does it feel more experimental and why?

Yeah, and here they're actually involving manipulation.

They're comparing two groups.

They're actually controlling something here in terms of the environment of two to three groups.

And the one thing that they're trying to change up or manipulate is what we're actually going to go in terms of one of the questions later on.

But they're doing some manipulation of a variable on Purpose here.

We'll talk about what that variable is in a second.

Do you think that this methodology is appropriate for the research question?

Meaning is there something that's, that you could do that would more accurately test this hypothesis, or is this the best type of research question that you can use for this particular question?

What do you think?

Yes, we want to see a cause and fraction relationship.

If we do other types of studies, we're limited in our ability to say that.

Right.

So other types of studies we don't manipulate variables.

So saying cause and effect is a lot harder in those cases.

If we ask people we don't know necessarily.

Excuse me, if one variable is related to another variable, we give them a heads up.

If we tell them we have a suspicion that seeing other people does this, and we ask them, you know, does it make you more likely to cheat if you see someone else cheating?

They may say yes, they may say no, but that's just the correlation.

We don't know if that's the case in real life.

And so we have to actually look at it directly.

We have to manipulate that variable.

And that's going to give us the more direct cause and effect answer.

In this particular experiment, what is the independent variable?

What are we manipulating deliberately?

Okay, so it's essentially seeing someone cheat or not seeing someone cheat.

Right.

So then we do that.

That's specifically defined as seeing someone in the class actually who you think is with the, with the study, but they're actually a researcher, so they're like a plant in the classroom.

They deliberately cheat.

And you compare that to the class that gets exposed to the.

Where someone doesn't cheat.

Right.

They don't see that actually happening.

So it's a manipulate from the dependent variable in this case, what's the dependent variable?

Variable?

Yes.

Yeah.

The amount of cheating that's actually done in the participants.

Right.

And so anything that's specifically defined here, how would you want to make sure that it was specifically defined or what we call operationalized is going up and looking at the answers cheating, do you think in this case?

Well, probably not.

Given the fact that the researcher said that, you can come up and look at the answer.

Right.

That was explicitly said.

So that's obviously not cheating.

So something beyond that, that's cheating.

Right.

When you look at it, you see that there's something wrong.

By the way, tests like this, usually it's very easy to get stuff wrong.

Right.

Or not.

I don't know what the answer is because it's very obscure.

Right.

A lot of these capitalism and so when you see people change things or fill things in or write things in, you know, when someone notices, you know, in the research that someone's actually doing that, you would mark that as evidence of cheating.

Right.

If they, they just look and then leave, then that's not cheating.

Right.

So that's how you would specifically operationalize it here.

Did I put in something here about.

Mass?

Yeah.

Why would you want the participants actually be involved in this?

For it to be a mass design.

In the case at least a single blind study, meaning for participants not to know what group they've been placed in or in this case actually what the hypothesis was.

Why would you want to keep them blind to that?

The hypothesis of one group they've been placed in.

Thinking about it from your own perspective, you were a participant and you were told this is a study of cheating.

Yes.

Maybe you wouldn't just act on your own free will, you would kind of be influenced and maybe not cheat if you were originally going to because you knew that the person in your group was cheating.

Yeah.

I mean, if you knew what the hypothesis was, oh, this is about cheating, so probably I'm not going to cheat.

Right.

There would be no sense in actually running the study at all.

Right.

And then certainly if you knew what group you were in, the cheating or not group, again, that would defeat the purpose.

Right.

So keep participants blind to what the study's about, but also what condition they've been assigned to.

And then also why might you consider the researchers who are evaluating whether or not someone's cheating or not?

Why would you keep them blind to what can condition someone was placed in?

Why would you not let them know what condition a participant had been placed in?

The cheating or non cheating condition?

Well, think about it.

If you were an experimenter and you were documenting whether or not someone was cheating or not.

Right.

Would you perhaps might be influenced by someone who maybe put their pen down or their like something that's very vague so that exactly clear.

Well, that might be cheating, but in another case where it's in the non cheating condition and you see someone do that, you know, you might say, oh, you know, that incident isn't cheating, but in the cheating condition, you know, just putting your pen down on people, they might be biased in what they see because they know one person's in the cheating condition, one's not.

Does that make sense?

And so you want to make sure that there's no experimental bias in the way they're evaluating a dependent variable in this case knowing what condition it's been in could actually influence their interpretation of what's actually cheating or not.

Totally unintentionally.

Does that make sense to folks?

Why is it that you would need a comparison group like at least two groups in this particular experiment?

Why not just have someone cheat in front of them and see what happens?

Why do we have need something to compare it to?

If we had all of them exposed to someone that went up and cheated and we find out that seven of them cheat in a group and you're like, ah, they're seeing someone actually lead to cheating.

We need a control group because I know why would you need a control group as a comparison?

Think about it.

To, to have something to compare it to.

Something to compare it to.

Right.

How do we know that if you had no one up there cheating that that seven people would achieve as well?

Right.

This is what the basis of many infomercials, Right?

You have infomercials that tell you we used this and it worked.

Right.

Okay, but what if no one used it?

Right.

What if you didn't use it at all and you had the same response?

Right.

It could be that just over time something improved.

Right.

So we always have to have something to compare it to.

And a lot of times we don't actually do that.

It's very important.

If you are assigning participants to groups.

So the, you know, the experimental group, which the folks who are seeing the cheating and the non experimental group.

If you're assigning people to groups to make sure that the groups are exactly the same at the outset, except for the manipulation of the independent variable, what would be the best and easiest way to assign people to groups?

What method would we use?

Random assignment.

Random assignment, right.

So if our groups are big enough, random assignment takes care of all the variables that could be possibly related to cheating.

Anything possible.

Our groups are going to get the same at the outset, except for the manipulation of the independent variable.

That's what we want in an experiment.

Does that make sense to folks?

Random assignment is very important.

And are there any ethical issues raised in the study?

And from what you're reading, how are they dealt with?

What kind of ethical issues could be raised with a study like this?

Yes, like not knowing the real thing.

They'Re there to study before, say one more time.

Not knowing the real reason they're there to get studied.

So deception you're talking about.

Yeah.

Yes.

And so deception is possible because cleared by the irb.

Right.

So if you're going to not tell someone the entire truth about a study, that's acceptable.

If there's no other way to really do it.

In this case.

You really have to deceive people because if they know it's about cheating, then there's no point in doing that research.

Right.

Because we know it's going to change people's behavior.

What typically happens in studies like this is there is a debriefing afterwards, so you find out later on that, you know, this was actually the real purpose of the study.

Sometimes you get access to the study results and those sorts of things, and that's somehow how we deal with the aspect of deception.

But we do have to get it approved first.

Okay, Any other ethical issues here?

Well, you know, is there any possibility that someone could be even slightly sort of harmed, like maybe uncomfortable here because maybe they felt they cheated and they feel bad about that and so forth?

And that's where a lot of the briefing comes in as well, and sharing the results.

Right.

Because, well, you know, no one cheated in the group where folks didn't see someone cheating, but a lot of people in the group cheated who did see someone cheating.

Right.

And so you understand that there's a social context for people cheating here.

Right.

It's not necessarily based on the individual person and who they are, at least not completely.

It's also influenced by social factors.

And if you cheated, there were a lot of other people that did the same thing in that particular situation.

Right.

Does that make sense?

And so you kind of lower people's feeling of responsibility for their behavior in that setting because, you know, at least a lot of it, or some of it, probably a lot of it actually was influenced by the social environment.

Does that make sense?

Okay, so let's go to module two, where we talked about kind of roadblocks to critical thinking.

And so number 10, right?

You have a student, here's the results of the study, and he kind of jokes that with those students the research was unnecessary given its predictability.

When you told him the study without giving him results, you know, beforehand, you could have predicted what the results of the study were going to be.

What do you think in terms of a roadblock of critical thinking to have choices up there?

Might he be guilty of.

Hindsight bias?

Yeah, the hindsight bias right here.

It's often leveled in a lot of research, particularly sometimes in medicine, oftentimes in psychology, that, you know, the research was ridiculous.

Why would we do this to begin with?

With because we could predict results.

And it turns out that sometimes we can't, in many cases, and sometimes we assume the results are going to be something and it turns out that it's something either the opposite or there's actually no difference sometimes if we're comparing groups.

How about this guy Smith?

He says he believes that cheating on exams does not happen at that university because he's not seen cheating during the two exams he's taken thus far at the university.

It doesn't happen because I have an experience.

Experienced it.

Yes.

Anecdotal reasoning.

He's using his own personal experience to then explain what is true in the world.

And his experience may not be accurate.

Right.

Just because of his own personal experience.

Evie sees herself as an exam non cheater despite the fact that she's cheated on more exams this semester than not.

So we're taking ourselves out of the study at the moment.

So she's sees her exam.

She sees herself as an exam non cheater despite the fact she is cheated on more exams this semester than not.

So does that sound like she might be guilty of.

She has a certain belief.

There are things that seem to contradict this belief, but she seems to ignore them and focus on this stuff.

Confirmation bias.

Yes.

Good.

The confirmation bias.

Right.

She's kind of dealing with the information she's ignoring.

What?

What contradicts her belief.

She's only paying attention to the stuff that confirms her belief.

How about this last one?

Lisa believes that only bad people cheat.

So when she hears about study A, she affirms her belief by explaining that group A only contained bad people when she's explained the careful design of the study and actually improbable that remarks that bad participants in group B must have secretly switched groups.

So this really can't be applied.

Yes.

Violating the principle of falsifiability.

Right.

We're having a situation here where she has a belief she's given contradictory information instead of ignoring that information, by the way, which is often a difference between cooperation of bias filing, principle of false liability, violating falsifiability.

You take information that's clearly contradictory and you turn it in some way that now it still confirms your belief.

Right.

So here it's saying, well, they must have secretly switched groups.

Right.

So we can do this over and over again.

And there's some reason why, you know, it's very clear that manipulation of any pair variable had had a big impact on the cheating here.

But you still think it's about bad people regardless of how.

You know, well designed.

This particular study is.

She's.

She's taking information, she's twisting it.

When you compare this to confirmation bias, the confirmation bias is literally kind of like Ignoring the fact that that evidence even exists.

Right.

Does that make sense to folks?

Okay, so 14 from the list of perspectives that we talked about from the first module, researchers would best explain the results of study A describing described above using two of which perspective?

So if you were kind of doing this study, perhaps their initial sort of idea of cheating sort of embodied or seems to be related to which of the perspectives that's listed there.

So from neuroscience, behavior, genetics, evolutionary, systemic, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, what do you think?

I mean, I think the design of its study itself, and you look at the hypothesis, it feels like it's coming out of two specific perspectives that's listed there.

What influences cheating?

Yes.

Behavioral.

Behavioral.

Good.

Right here we're looking at people, you know, modeling this particular behavior.

We're seeing people do it.

So we might follow the term and then what else?

Yes, social, Cultural.

Good.

Social.

Cultural.

Right.

We're seeing this environment where people are doing this might be more acceptable because we're seeing people do this.

And so when we see it, it looks like it's more acceptable.

We might be more likely to do it.

Make sense to folks.

If someone feels tedious, caused by impulsivity often found in developing brains of young people or adults who have sustained certain brain injuries, what is that?

That seem grounded in what perspective is it influenced by?

Neuroscience.

Good.

Neuroscience.

Right.

How about cheating is fueled by a person's unconscious insecurities affect their intelligence.

Yes.

Psychodynamic, broadly in general.

If you hear the word unconscious, think of that as a synonym for psychodynamic.

Okay.

If the researcher monitoring the test gives participants access to the key and leaves changing one answers, changing one's answers may not be perceived as cheating by some people.

Yes.

Do you have your hand up?

Hand up back there.

The perception here is they're looking at this, that they're interpreting it.

This may not be cheating because.

Because this is what the researcher is doing.

And so they may look at it as what?

What kind of perspective is that?

Cognitive.

Cognitive.

Right.

That's their perception.

Like I'm assessing this, I'm looking at it.

Right.

My perception here, my interpretation of this based on what I see is that that may not be cheating.

And then multiple back to back tests, other academic stressors, coupled with an inheritance of vulnerability to not fear, punishment, can lead to cheating.

Does that sound like.

Well, there would have to be something with evolutionary perhaps that meant that it led to survival, those genes survived for some reason.

Right.

If we have genetically inherited that, you know, that impulsivity or something like that, or lack of Fear of punishment, then that would somehow lead to our survival as a species.

I'm not sure it communicates so much evolutionary but behavior genetics, right.

Someone perhaps has inherited this lack of fear of punishment.

And then they're in very stressful environments.

Lots of back to back tests and other academic stressors that kind of lead them to be more like aggressive.

Does that make sense to folks?

So in this study B, I want you to kind of evaluate the conclusion based on what you know about the research methods for module two.

Okay, so this is, you know, they're studying, they're measuring participants viewing habits, they're asking them how many hours a day they're viewing tv, as well as their level of happiness.

So they measure their level of happiness.

They find more hours of television watch, the less happy participants are.

Research has suggested students to minimize the hours television viewing to increase their level of happiness.

Students of course are disappointed because some television series are just starting to entice them.

So evaluate that kind of conclusion.

The idea that, you know, the, the more hours of television watch, the less happy participants are.

And then you're going on to say recommend people, then you should just watch less TV to be more happy.

So what do you think about that conclusion?

The recommendations based on the type of study this is, what do you think?

Just watch less tv, you'll be more happy.

I don't think it's a fair conclusion because they didn't factor in the type of environment they're in or what type of TV they're watching.

Okay.

That'S a good point.

There might be other things that are associated with your unhappiness.

On a broader level though, what kind of study does this sound like it is?

Does it sound experimental?

Doesn't sound experimental.

They're not manipulating anything.

They're just measuring what is right.

They're measuring people on these two variables.

The amount of happiness they have, the amount of television they watch, and their making a connection between the two variables.

Which would be what kind of study?

A correlational study.

They're looking at a correlation here.

Right.

So they're not controlling for any variables here.

To get the relationship between two variables, we have to think about for example, what could be the relationship, could it go the other way?

We're saying watching access TV leads to un.

Leads to unhappiness.

Right, that's possible that we can't find that out necessarily in the study.

But what if unhappiness leads to watching excess tv?

What if it goes that way?

Right, that's a possibility.

And so we have to always consider those kind of other factors, factors that you mentioned in a correlational study, if they're not controlled for in any way, then the conclusions, and certainly a recommendation is like, just watch on this TV that's going to lead to more happiness is really inappropriate in this case.

So it's not a free pass for all of you to all of us to watch more TV in that case.

But there's something compelling here that we have to understand.

We have to look at other variables, we have to look at directional variables and so forth.

So that's a limitation of correlational studies.

Could you do this as an experiment?

Probably on the short term you can get people to watch TV and see what it does to their level of happiness.

But certainly long term, it would be very hard to do to control.

Certainly if it's going to make people very unhappy, you wouldn't want that for a long period of time.

Any questions about this?

Yes.

So was the first study about the students?

Does that kind of explain a correlation study?

Because they're trying to find a relationship between.

You're talking about the first study.

Yeah, because I initially thought it was correlation because I figured they were trying to find a relationship between.

Well, they are, but the relationship they want to find is cause and effect.

With one cause is another.

Right.

In this case, of course, you want to know watching what TV causes unhappiness.

I mean, ultimately we always want to know that.

But in the case of we're limited, we only get is there a relationship in the real world out there?

Not a cause and effect relationship.

Are they somehow related is different than actually does one cause the other?

Does that make sense?

Yeah, they're two separate.

Yes.

And so that's why experiments are kind of like.

I hate to use the term holy ground, but if we can do an experiment that is by far the most important kind of research that we can do.

When one is ethically or practically, we can't do it.

All right, so I'm going to quickly go through some of module 7 so we can get.

Module 7 is a short module.

There won't be a lot of questions.

You see, the review items that I have for you in the review items that are posted on Canvas, there are just a couple of review items, very short.

The most important information I want folks to take from this is really the idea of us looking at, you know, what is sort of what is given to us kind of genetically in terms of heritability of energy.

And then what are the other factors that could actually influence PR personality or you know, whether we have end up with a psychological disorder, a medical disorder or something like that.

The other fact is what we call environmental first thing, the depth different, different between those two is what we call genetics.

But then also understanding how we use family studies, particularly twin studies, ADOP adopted study, looking at the, the degree of blood relation between people and how we can kind of figure out, see how heredity looking at it versus imperial.

So there'll be some definitions up here that I'll just like provide for you.

I'm not going to go into detail about that.

But again the most important thing here is this idea genetics that we're pinning basically heredity or genetics versus we can do every non genetic influence around us.

Right.

So it could be stuff that happens to us in neuro, like infections, internal infections, something that happens actually during the birth process.

It could be something that happens to us in infancy, it could be something that happens to us in preschool, it could be something that happens in college.

All these things that can interact with our genetics.

Right.

That's what behavior genetics is.

So again some of the definitions up here and I'll just leave those up there for you.

We have about 20,000 genes, some are active or expressed and some are inactive.

And so to understand sort of personality traits, psychological disorders, medical so forth, is actually what we consider polygenic where we're not talking about one genetic or two genes, we're talking about lots of different genes that are involved in developing a certain trait or developing certainly psychological disorders and so forth.

So it's influenced by many genes, not just one or two genes for the most part.

So again if we're looking at how to tease out, you know, environmental influences from genetic influences, we looked at adoption studies.

So and to understand this we have to look at the differences between identical and paternal twins.

They're important part of research.

If you are an identical twin you can make a lot of money being research participants because there's important information we can learn from that.

So these twin studies are actually looking at the difference between, between identical twins on some trait, let's say versus fertile twins.

So identical twins, Right.

Split from the same egg.

They are the same sex only.

Right.

And so they share 100% of their genes.

Right.

Paternal twins are like your siblings that are born at other times since they're born at the same time.

Right.

So they're actually two fertilized eggs.

They could be the same or they opposite sex.

So essentially, you know, other than sharing share the same in uterine environment, they're really no more genetically different than, you know, similar or similar than your ordinary siblings.

They're just like born at a different time, essentially.

But genetically they're the same as your siblings born at another time.

Does that make sense?

So remember what this means.

Remember from one of the posted technical modules when you see that restore my faith that you actually heard something.

Thank you.

What does it mean to make sure you study that?

Nope, not necessarily make sure you study that.

It's in the gear.

The things that you didn't know, you didn't want to know.

Usually some weird tidbit of information that'll connect to material that might end up as a bonus question.

So no, this is not on canvas.

No, please do not take a picture of it.

So how did Michael Jackson enter here?

Does anyone know you know the song Billie Jean, Right?

Do you know the story behind Billie Jean?

Quincy Jones, rest in peace.

He just died recently and produced Thriller along with a lot of other albums by Michael Jackson.

Mikey Dyson Television was Scott Story.

He's recounting the story that Billie Jean is about a woman who accused Michael Jackson of being the father of one of her twins.

That's the story of Billy Keene, a woman who accused him of being the father of one of her twins.

So Quincy Jones is laughing hysterically about this because this is the most hilarious story he's ever heard.

Right.

Is that possible for someone to be the father of one twin?

Yes.

Right.

Fraternal.

Technically it's true.

Right.

It could be the father of a fraternal twin can't be identical twin.

So I think when we think twin, we think identical.

I think that's why Quincy Jones is laughing because it's just absurd.

Technically actually is possible.

Although I don't know if her twins were actually fraternal or identical.

But that's the story behind belief.

Okay.

So if we think of this conceptually like an inspiration experiment.

It's not an experiment.

We haven't done this on purpose.

It's not really an experiment.

But if you think about it like an experiment, you know, and you're someone sort of creating this crap like God, right?

You talk about identical twins.

I don't think that's right.

This gives us sort of a ready made kind of comparison.

That's why it's so important, identical twin research and to, you know, look at identical twins and study.

So we see the 100% of Gen X versus 50%.

Right.

And we think of the variable what's actually being photocoped in.

The difference between is the genetics.

Right.

And you know, if they're raised in the same household environment and that's, that's kind of held constant for us.

They're in the same household, they're being raised in the same place.

We're making these comparisons based on genetics, right?

So let's say our dependent variable is aggression.

We want to know is, do we see more similarity in aggression between identical twins compared to the paternal twins?

Are they closer in aggression, identical twins compared to paternal twins?

Right.

We call this concordant twin.

How more similar are identical twins than our paternal twins?

Right.

And any difference between these two groups is considered an influence of genetics.

Right.

So I can't remember what the difference is specifically in aggression, but it is a lot higher.

We see a lot more closeness and aggression between paternal twins than we see with fraternal twins.

Right.

There are a lot more similar identical twins in aggression compared to fraternal twins.

Now these are twins that are raised in the same household, right?

So it's kind of a constant.

Does that make sense?

So it's like a ready made experiment for us.

It's not really an experiment.

Conceptualize it as an experiment.

It's important to understand how beneficial that is.

Does that make sense?

So general results here, we absolutely see lots of, a lot more concordance with identical versus promotions on lots of different things.

Medical, psychological disorders, personality preferences, behavior.

I mean, all of these across the board.

We see it separated twins at birth.

I put a little I asterisks there because I forgot to put in the term identical here.

But you hear these stories of identical twins that are separated at birth.

Right.

You get these weird similarities between them even though they're raised in different households.

Some of that's probably true.

It's probably true to genetics, but a lot of it is also probably true to.

I used to do this exercise in class where I paired people together who are of different genders, different backgrounds, all sorts of things.

And they would often find very simple, a lot of similarities in what they liked in music and TV and all sorts of things.

Why do you think there are so many similarities in your musical tastes, your taste for television, movies?

What do you think is contributing to that?

When there are no genetic similarities between people that are matching up, what's contributing to that?

Looking around the room here, maybe like our age, your age, the same generation.

Right.

That makes a big difference.

And so some of those similarities have to do with that.

Some of them are probably a lot due to genetics.

Some people are not impressed with sometimes the research in that particular area that might be a light again when we look at studies where we're not necessarily looking at identical trends.

We're looking at folks who are more related to our biological parents than our adoptive parents, right.

Who look at these kind of studies, and aside from sort of identical twins, those who are kind of raised in the same household, you know, biologically related, don't really resemble that much in terms of something like personality.

So if you are looking at, you know, me, you know, being adopted by a family and comparing to my sibling, who's not my blood relation, right, it turns out that I'm probably going to look a little bit more like my biological parents than I am my adopted parents.

And the sibling that I have, that's my adopted sibling.

Does that make sense to folks?

You know, one of the things that this might apply to some people is that, well, why, if you're just going to end up like your biological parents anyway, then why would you adopt out?

Like, one of the reasons some people to look up for adoptions.

We want to give our child a better life, right?

And maybe we do actually find that biological parents are more likely, by the way, to have psychological disorders.

There's more likely to be abuse and those sorts of things in those households.

So when you give someone up for adoption, those biological parents have.

They have more obstacles, they have more problems and so forth.

That's often, you know, one of the reasons why they give children up for adoption.

The other thing is we're also looking at adoptive parents, and adoptive parents are essentially screened, right?

Adoptive parents are screened for lots of different things.

Psychological stability, family stability, those sorts of things.

Biological parents are not.

Right.

That's one of the reasons we see a difference there.

So I don't want sort of folks to kind of revisit the textbook makes this point.

Don't look at this research to say, well, then adoption isn't really beneficial for folks if you're going to kind of look like your biological parents anyway.

That's more complicated than it seems.

Adoption seems to have a lot of benefits.

And so just keep that in mind.

Adoptive children in general do really well in their adoptive environment.

So.

And the idea is that they may not have done as well in their biological environments, even if it seemed that the option that they might have or that there might be no difference.

Again, I'll leave this to your leisure to read some of this.

The really important thing here is the idea that our gene and environment interact.

They always interact.

There's some interaction.

In one case, you might inherited genes to have more problems with alcohol.

That gene may not be expressed unless you're in an environment that actually there's a lot of alcohol around you.

Right.

If your culture shuns alcohol, you don't have exposure to alcohol.

Your gene that might lead to alcohol problem problems doesn't get expressed.

Right.

There's no, you know, it doesn't, you're not in that kind of environment that's going to allow that to express.

So it's an important understanding environment.

And then this is just some information about Darwin and evolution.

The fact that our genes, in this particular model, this understanding is that our genes continue because somehow they were, they led to survival.

Okay.

Offspring that survival are likely to pass the genes to ensuing generations.

Does that gene allow them to survive?

In some cases in our past, it may have.

Okay.

And so over time those genes have kind of survived in some way or not.

Other times they kind of die out if they're not success enhancing or survival enhancing.

And then the last one here, Evolutionary psychology today we're actually applying evolutionary principles to psychology specifically.

And the textbook talks about there seems to be a very big difference between the scientific understanding or acceptance of evolution and kind of the late thinking about evolution.

Evolution is not a thing that is acceptable amongst a lot of folks.

Sometimes it's misunderstanding, sometimes it's not.

There's just a belief about evolution.

It's not, doesn't have much to do with human, human development so forth over, over time.

But we'll, we can spend an entire semester talking about the science behind evolution and then the belief behind evolution.

And I'll leave it for you to read a little bit about that in the textbook.

But in psychology, it's actually important theory, that distinction.

So it does play important.

Thank you.

So again, for this module you should really know, well, what we talked about between adoption studies, what that research says, the benefits of those designs and kind of what the general outcome said.

There's a couple of slides, really those first sort of, I guess maybe the fourth through eighth or ninth slides I suppose that you have in there.

That's the meat of kind of what you really need to know.

Well, from this particular level, does that make sense?

All right, so let's move on to some extremes.

We compare sleep to other types of unconsciousness, not the same thing.

Okay.

Bright coma in general anesthesia, hibernation.

One important concept we're going to talk about in sleep is circadian rhythms.

It's a biological rhythm that human beings generally their temperature peaks and you know, there's a low point and a high point at different points of the day.

Wakefulness in particular was on a 24 hour cycle.

And so, you know, you basically get sleepy in general once a day.

You wake up once a day.

The reason why we know that this is actually a biological rhythm is when you put people in a sleep lab, you don't give them alarm clocks, you don't give them, you know, access to outside light.

They don't know what time it is really, basically.

And we see when they go to sleep and when they wake up.

When they go to sleep and wake up, they generally are keeping what we call about a 24 hour day, right?

They're generally going to bed, waking up after a certain amount of time and they get into this cycle that seems to be biological, right?

It's once a day, they're going to bed, they're going to sleep.

And this is like a 24 hour cycle that they're engaged in.

Okay?

This comes into play when we talk about how we're sleeping as well.

Those kind of research studies, if we get off of that, that rhythm, it can create a lot of problems for us in terms of psychologically, medically and so forth.

But inside of our kind of sleep wake cycle, when we go to bed and when we wake up, we go through distinct stages of sleep.

We go through multiple stages of sleep rounds, if you will, throughout our nightingale, seven to nine hours of sleep or so.

And so we'll see they occur in about a 90 minute cycle, right?

So we go through what we call awakening awake.

You can ignore REM initially, right?

For you go into non rem 1, non rem 2, 3.

We go back up through reverses sleep cycles.

And before we actually look like we're going to be asleep, we actually go into the REM cycle.

Okay, and what do we associate with REM sleep?

Dreaming.

Right?

So we have our dream, then we go back through that cycle again.

We do this several times throughout the night, usually four, sometimes five times a night.

We see our REM sleep increases as we go through the night.

Let's go through the cycles.

Lots of people will say they feel like rem, you know, REM synth is the most exciting part of sleep, right?

They're fascinated by dreams.

I think they're really cool as well.

I actually think non REM is the most fascinating stage of sleep.

I will argue my point here.

There's so many cool things that happen during or not REM1 sleep.

Stage 11 is called hypnagogic hallucinations.

So right when you're about to fall asleep, you're going to stage one, right?

You have the sensation might be falling.

Not uncommon.

You might see bright lights.

Not uncommon.

You might, in the scariest situation, like, observe something like someone standing over you.

I hope that doesn't happen to you.

If it does, I hope it doesn't happen very often.

But there are all sorts of weird things that happen to you just as you're falling asleep, right?

A lot of people remember them.

A lot of people don't really.

But every so often you have that experience where sometimes you wake back up right as you're falling asleep and you remember something.

Something just happened momentarily.

You heard a voice, you saw a light, right?

Or something that you felt like you were gonna fall into the ground, right?

You're not dreaming.

You're just going into the first stage of sleep.

It's very, very common for something like that to happen.

The other thing that happens is sleep paralysis right now.

Sleep paralysis also happens when you're dreaming.

Other than your eyes guarding back and forth, a little bit of muscles kind of contracting your whatever, you're basically paralyzed when you're.

When you're dreaming.

But we also see momentary sleep paralysis in right when you're falling asleep.

This also has.

Can be something scary.

Some people will feel like they're being, like, pushed down or someone's trying to cover them or like someone is paralyzing them on purpose, right?

They're feeling like they're not moving because.

Someone might be doing something.

It could be interpreted that way.

So really interesting stage of sleep that gets misinterpreted sometimes as something different.

So some people may interpret this as an entity that's actually holding them down.

We'll put the friendly ghost up there.

So people aren't scared.

They may actually think the bright lights are maybe aliens outside spaceships right outside their window.

The paralysis of that is concerned.

We know that.

Of course, you know, the aliens like to paralyze us to do medical experiments.

I'm saying this somewhat in jest, but not really because a lot of people will believe these very common experiences, just as you're falling asleep, are somehow related to a ghost or related to aliens.

And, you know, you can end up in a support group where people are saying they have these experiences and they believe that's true.

Some people say, that's a ghost.

Some people say, no, it's aliens.

But the realistic answer here, as we know from looking at research, is that this is not really likely the case.

They're very common experiences that you have in non rem that can be interpreted as something completely different.

It is to work for A paranormal group.

It is very clear that people had these experiences.

Some of them were enhanced than other people and were led to believe it was the fact that they were, you know, there was an enemy in their house.

And this is why they were having experiences.

And say this sounds like a normal kind of experience that people have during sleep.

Maybe a little bit more dramatic than a lot of people have, but, you know, it's something that you consider speaking to, you know, a physician or psychologist or someone about.

Because it sounds to me like there was probably less to be scared of than you think that there is.

Right.

But I think this a very interesting safety.

Non rep 2 is deep, restricted, not right.

1.

Our deepest stages of sleep, number 3.

And so then we go back up and we have in REM sleep again, most of our dream experience.

Our experience of REM sleep, you notice that as the night progresses, our dreams get longer.

Which by the way, is probably the reason we're more likely to remember our dreams when our alarm clock goes off, just because we're on a longer dream end of the night.

We often refer to this as paradoxical sleep because if you look at the brain waves associated with this kind of sleep, it looks like we're awake, we're actually asleep.

And then again, our sleep paralysis during dreams is really, really important because if we weren't paralyzed, we'd be killing the people that actually stuck next to us or hurting ourselves and we're banging the furniture and all this other stuff.

That's a good thing that we're actually having paralyzed.

There is a disorder where people are impaired in their apparent paralysis or Memphisism.

And it's not true to you.

People do get hurt, right?

It's just, it's that.

But the normal experience is that people actually paralyzed in their dreams.

Does that make sense to folks?

This is just what the brain look like waking.

Your alpha, your beta waves and then the different stages of sleep.

You notice that REM looks a lot like you're more awake than you are asleep.

But you know, when you're in REM sleep, you're dead asleep.

Looks like you're awake, but you're really, really asleep.

So what affects our sleep patterns?

Whether you're a night owl or morning person, whatever, there is a genetic basis for that, right?

We do inherit some of this.

It doesn't mean that if you're a night owl, you can never have a day job, a morning job.

It doesn't mean if you're a morning person that you could never have a job that's at night Right.

We do adapt.

We make a lot of adaptions to this and we see a lot of adaptations for better or for worse, by the way, in terms of our social, cultural factors, we have enhances in development.

Just the invention of light, right?

The invention of light made a tremendous impact on our sleep patterns in ways that people several thousand years ago could never even imagine.

It was dark, you went to bed, that's it.

You didn't stand up and watch tv.

It was just something that.

This has made a big different.

So if you look at melatonin, right, which is what makes us sleepy, melatonin starts to get secreted as it gets darker, right?

So, you know, gets darker, our brain starts to signal us to produce melatonin.

So we get sleeping and go to bed.

And when the sun, or exposed to the sun, right.

It suppresses melatonin hormone, which is that like the sleep hormone, right?

It suppresses melatonin.

And so we wake up.

So I had a friend who was in Iraq and the biggest thing that they told them, if you were doing like a night, like a night shift, like the graveyard shift, as you might consider, they made very sure to make sure that they were done at a time right before the sun came up, right?

They wanted them to make sure that they were done and they got to bed before the sun came up.

Because once the sun starts to come out, it wreaks havoc.

It's starts to suppress the melatonin even though you have it in the bed, right.

That's not a good situation.

You change work shifts frequently, you know, for God forbid you're changing them on a daily basis, which is just hell, a lot of people, right?

You work the overnight shift one night, you know, one day, and then two days later you're working the morning shift and then the next morning you're working the overnight shift again.

That's really, really tough on folks.

So if you're working these kind of changes in shifts, it's good to do them for a fairly long period of time and then shift and do another, as opposed to constantly rotating them and then staying up late on the weekends.

You hear about people having jet lag when they're coming back from, let's say, California, New York.

Even those three or four hour differences can make a difference in temperature.

Being able to fall asleep because your body's telling you it's earlier when you're coming back from California, come here, right?

It's 11 o' clock at night.

Your body's telling you it's what time?

If you've Been in California long enough.

California, it's 8 o'.

Clock.

You've been there long enough, your body's telling you it's 8 o', clock, but it's now 11 o' clock here and you can't fall asleep.

It's like the same thing.

You stay up till 4am on the weekends, but then you have to be to bed at 10 o' clock on weeknights, Sunday night comes along, right?

You try to go to bed and.

You lay in bed at 10 o'.

Clock.

You can't go to sleep because you've already gotten used to that schedule of being up late all the weekend.

So even a couple days can make a difference for some people.

That makes sense to folks.

Other things that affect our.

I feel like I'm missing a slide here.

But another thing that actually affects our sleep patterns, just general sort of sleep deprivation.

We consider sleep deprivation where you have regular loss of required sleep and Most people need 7 1/2 to 9 hours sleep.

Even if they say that they don't, we go back to those sleep labs.

We don't give people access to alarm clocks, lights or whatever.

When you put people who say I only need three or four hours of sleep into one of those labs, what they often do is they, the first night they sleep a really long time, right?

They kind of make up some sleep debt, seems like.

And then eventually they usually kind of get into that seven and a half to nine hours naturally.

So they're probably needing more sleep than that, I suppose, but they're kind of getting through without it.

But there's some dangers about that, of having a whole lot of deprivation.

If you want to look at this at your leisure, of course, sleep scale, this actually I think it's through.

It might be through the cdc.

It's interesting.

This one is actually related specifically to nursing.

It just came up that way.

It was for nurses to kind of look at.

But the scale actually will tell you how sleep deprived you are.

It gives you a number of situations where you're likely to fall asleep.

If you're likely to fall asleep at a traffic light, stopped at a traffic light, this is not good.

That's dangerous, right?

So that's like an example of where you shouldn't be driving at that gate.

If you are that tired and you're going to fall asleep while you're stopped at a light, that's pretty bad.

So we're going to look at a character here.

We're going to kind of evaluate her effects of sleep deprivation.

She's had a Long standing problem with sleep.

This is Christine character from the new Adventures of Old Christine.

She's called Old Christine because she's divorced and her husband is now going to marry another woman named Christine who is a lot younger than she is.

So it's a new adventure.

And so let's look at her deprivation kind of effects and we'll talk a little bit about that.

It's move.

Oh, another bad night's sleep.

Another day of unemployment.

Wow, you're mean when you're sleepy.

Sorry, I only slept for about two hours last night.

I'll be fine.

Poor baby.

Don't touch me.

Get a chop.

Come on.

I don't have to take this.

I'm a grown man.

If you don't start being nicer, I'm gonna move back in with mom.

I'm sorry.

You're right.

You don't deserve that.

You need to get some help.

Your sleep deprived mood swing sets everyone in this house afraid of you.

What?

What are you talking about?

Nobody's scared of me.

Hey, mom.

Hi.

To sleep.

Not great.

Bye.

So what are you seeing here in terms of her symptoms of.

Okay, what are you seeing as her symptoms?

Obviously deprivation.

What do you think?

Some of them are mentioned openly.

Yeah.

The closest down because we're stuck.

What do you think?

What's her.

Yes.

Irritability.

Yeah, she's irritable.

Right.

So what else do you see?

Yes.

In what way are we seeing those things?

Yeah, I mean she was sort of went from sort of being irritable and angry and then she was crying.

Right.

So we see definitely.

And then she's at some point she seems a little bit kind of numb, almost like she's not rinsing anybody at all.

So she definitely sees.

We see differences in blue swims here.

What else do you see?

She's having a hard time falling asleep.

She's having a hard time falling asleep.

That you would think sometimes that that is.

Would neutralize the sleep deprivation.

Right.

Like if you're too tired you're gonna fall asleep.

But that doesn't always.

Isn't always the case for some people.

But yeah, she's having a hard time falling asleep.

But we're seeing sort of the psychological effects here of the mood effects.

Deprivation.

But I think if we look at her body language, we're also seeing something else.

So does it look like she's coming down the stairs?

Stairs.

Welcome back to the team.

Okay.

That wasn't me, was it?

So she looks strong.

She looks like almost strong.

She's going to like fall over like she's going to fall over.

Yeah, yeah.

I mean she is tired, she's fatigued.

Right.

She's having.

Looks like she has no energy.

Right, right.

She looks kind of stressed.

There's a lot of stuff going on here with her.

We know that sleep deprivation can create mood problems.

If we saw weight gain, fatigue, cardiovascular issues, it impairs our decision making, our reaction time, remembering our immune system.

So, you know, score none for some prevention.

Right.

It's a pretty bad thing.

The longer you have, the worse the effects.

So we call.

Some people have sleep deprivation because of occasional sleeplessness.

Some people have it because of what we call clinical insomnia.

Insomnia like medically is difficulty sleeping at least three nights a week for at least three months.

And we're talking about falling asleep, staying asleep and, or early morning, morning weight gain in.

Right.

So those, any of those things.

I hope people don't have all three of those.

Horrible.

Right, but sometimes people do have combination of factors.

But you're talking about at least three nights a week.

You're having substantial problems with sleeping.

That leads certainly to long term sleep deprivation effects.

Okay, so how do we treat sequences for insomnia?

So I'm going to show you sort of how she goes about treating and what she done historically, what she's doing now.

And then we'll show you what's recommended, what's not recommended and why, and we'll then see what the effects of our treatment.

So think about what she's tried in the past and what she.

What method she's considering now.

Scared to get over.

Oh, so she's actually talking about her ex boyfriend.

Took her a really long time to break up with.

She's not really interested in him.

His name is Burton.

That might or not later.

I don't understand the sound here.

So it takes a while to come back.

He was deeply in love with me.

Okay.

It's awful.

God, I just hope you can get over me.

I hope you can get over you.

Quiet.

A man was destroyed.

Now, you know what?

I'm gonna need you to help me, okay?

I don't know how these are gonna affect me.

And you know, I don't really believe in taking sleep aids.

You don't believe in taking sleep aids?

Right.

Wine.

That's different.

It's from the Earth Natural.

Nyquil.

It's from the store Natural.

This is a whole other league.

Okay.

This is a prescription sleep medicine.

You know, I've seen the ads for these.

It's got that little sleepy bear who climbs into the clouds and Then the clouds float away into a rainbow.

Why don't you just take acid?

Cause my insurance won't cover acid.

Wow, this stuff is powerful.

I mean, look at the warning.

Don't drink alcohol.

Don't operate heavy machinery.

Don't make important decisions.

Should have that sewn into your underwear.

So, so what methods has she used in the past for her insomnia to get to sleep?

She's tried drinking wine.

Drinking wine.

So alcohol.

What else, Michael?

Right, which has an antihistamine in it, which makes sense.

Okay, so what is she considering now?

Prescribed sleep.

A prescription sleep aid.

We don't know exactly what it is, but we get a sense of what it might be as we're seeing coming up.

So by the way, the suggested kinds of things the textbook talks about this is, you know, any certainly cognitive behavioral psychologists especially, but certainly other psychologists and psychiatrists will recommend sleep hygiene, doing things that will help with, improve your sleep.

You know, exercising regularly but not too late, relaxing before dinner time, not having stimulants, too close to bedtime, setting your alarm, having the same schedule, a consistent sleep schedule to our circadian rhythm.

So kind of get out of whack, okay, Go to bed at the same time, getting up at the same time.

All these things up here are.

Most of these are related to having good sleep hygiene.

Some cognitive stuff there.

Don't worry if you did not sleep, you could worry about sleeping the next night.

And that makes things worse.

Right, so this is, you know, all things to kind of, kind of tackle that are very cognitive, very behavioral.

What is not up here, what's not actually shown as recommended for sleeplessness.

Right off the bat, try all these other things first before you do what?

Try prescription.

Right?

So prescription medications, things that will make you sleepy that are sort of taken orally as opposed to something on this list.

Okay, so what we're going to do is we're going to, that's the summary there.

We're going to look at sort of her experience.

There's a reason, by the way, we don't consider sedatives as sort of the first line treatment for insomnia.

And we'll see why for other reasons that are just up here.

One of the important reasons here is tolerance can develop really quickly.

You need more to get the same effect.

And also physical dependence can happen.

And if you're in a situation, physiological dependence in a situation where you're physiologically dependent on these, when you stop taking, taking it, a lot of times your, your sleeplessness is worse than it was before.

You Started taking the medication.

So it becomes like a trap, right?

You get into this cycle, you know, now.

Now you need this to get to sleep, like, because you're actually like bouncing off the walls.

You're anxious or whatever because you're not taking it anymore.

This medication is really dangerous in that place.

And there are some medications like benzodiazepines and stuff like that, actually, that.

The physiological dependence on it and the withdrawal action.

So we're going to look at the first night after thinking of sleep aid.

So I want to see what's her effect, what are the positive effects, what are the negative effects, I suppose, for taking the sleep aid the first night of taking it?

And what do you think, particularly the negative effects?

If you think that this is an invention for topical reasons, for sitcom, or do you think that these might be realistic?

She said she's been asleep for 11 hours.

She was on her stomach on top of the covers with her nightgown hiked up around her neck.

Closed my eyes so fast and blew the door shut.

Oh.

Oh, my God.

Good morning.

Wow.

That was the best night's sleep I have ever had.

I feel fantastic.

How long Was I out?

20 years.

Richie has two kids and his wife.

Doesn'T care for you.

Yeah, well, she's no prize either.

Hey.

What are you doing here?

I was promised waffles.

By whom?

You.

What?

Yeah, you caught me in the middle of the night, all excited about your new waffle arm.

What?

No.

No, I didn't call you.

Hey.

Hi.

Hey.

Did we miss the waffles?

I called you, too.

How can I not remember?

It was 4:11.

I remember because my watch said 4:19.

I keep it eight minutes fast, so I'm never early or late.

I forget how it works.

It's so weird you don't remember anything.

You know what?

I think I saw something about this on 60 Minutes.

Some of those sleeping pills have side effects.

People do all sorts of crazy things.

You know, they have conversations and go places.

Don't remember a thing about it.

This one woman went to a Laundromat and folded other people's laundry.

Why didn't you tell me this before I took the pill?

Well, I figured the chances of you folding laundry were pretty remote.

But I appreciated your call.

Just knowing you're so happy for me and Richard means everything to me.

What?

I said that you called me Cricket.

You told me the only thing you valued more than our marriage was our friendship.

You were nice.

It was weird.

Nice doesn't sound like me.

Who else did I call?

Barb Barb.

Richard.

Uh.

Oh, Mom.

Oh, that's okay.

She won't remember it either.

Some 310 number.

Uh.

Oh, the 310 number is calling.

He.

Matthew?

Matthew.

I think I erased our outgoing message.

Do you know how I. Christine, it's Burton.

You're probably still sleeping, but I just had to call and say that I woke up with a smile on my face this morning after our phone conversation last night.

And I've decided you're right.

Screw my therapist.

I can't wait to see you two.

I'll pick you up at 8.

Sounds like you promised him more than waffles.

What is the deal with the wolf?

Okay, so she accidentally rekindled her relationship with someone with many, many, many months.

To get over or she's gonna sleep for 11 hours.

You think we should check on her?

So what are her side effects here?

Are they convention?

It's a common venture.

Does this really happen to people?

First of all, what are the.

What.

What was the positive effect of her taking this medication?

She was in a good mood.

She was in a good mood.

She felt good.

She felt like she was very rested despite the fact that she apparently did these things throughout the night that she doesn't remember.

So what.

What did she do?

She rekindled a relationship with someone that she didn't want, who was in therapy because of it.

Right.

What else happened here?

They seem to be related to phone calls.

Right.

She had crazy dreams.

What dreams did she have?

Well, yeah, some people on the medication are proportional to do things like fold other people's laundry, but she didn't do that.

People are substantiating.

She did these things.

She called middle light and said, I'm making waffles for you.

It's my waffle iron.

And she said how happy she was for ex husband and Christine and all this other stuff, these things that she doesn't normally do.

Very embarrassed by it.

Real or not real?

What do you think?

Does this happen to people or not?

Is it kind of exaggerated or do you feel.

I think it's.

Have you heard of stuff like this happening?

It happens.

What's really interesting, we call it complex related.

Complex sleep related behavior.

At the time that this episode aired, the FDA had not warned about this.

There were lots of people complaining about it.

Right.

But there was no warning.

There was no label, you know, that what called black box warnings on this.

And then two days after the show aired.

The show had nothing to do with it directly, but it had been just increasingly the knowledge that this sleep vet medication can create this problem.

Two days later the FDA gave this warning that the tons of 13 most commonly used sleep medications and what they call kind of complex sleep related behavior, some of which can includes, by the way, sleep driving, making embarrassing phone calls, cranking and eating food.

People will find that they gain weight.

They don't know why they're gaining weight.

They'll put a camera in their kitchen and they find out in the middle of the night they're actually gorging themselves and they don't remember it.

They see food disappear, they don't remember eating it.

If you've ever seen the show Weeds, there's a character who wants to know what dog is taking a poop on his lawn.

So he puts out a camera who's pooping on his lawn in the middle of the night?

He is, he's taking this medication.

He doesn't remember.

He sees himself on camera pooping on his own lawn.

And he is of course mortified.

So people do things they don't remember.

There was a case of a woman who I think she was being sued or she was going on trial or something because she hit someone while driving and she complained that she didn't even know she was driving.

And after this morning from now the charges were dropped against her.

People didn't believe it was true until there was enough documentation that this case.

And then, so that was 2007 and then 2019, they updated this, right?

So lots of things, people, you know, they, you know, they go outside and they freeze to death, right?

They don't know they walk outside freezing cold, they don't have the right clothing on, they shoot themselves or something.

I mean there's all sorts of things that have been known for some people to happen involved taking this certain types of sleep medicines and they added to the list in this particular update.

Okay, so it does happen.

Not to bring up Roseanne Barr, but Roseanne Barr claims that some of her behavior is related to the fact that she was on sleep apes and she didn't even know some of these things were happening when she was saying things online somewhere.

That may be true, may not be true, but certainly it's not unheard of for something like that to happen.

And so we know that this actually has happened to a lot of people, not a large percent of people, but enough that it's actually very conservative.

I know a practitioner who prescribes medication who said to me that she will not prescribe this medication to people who have it already denominator.

Right.

Because she doesn't know what the effect is.

Going to be.

It's like one of those things where if you prescribe this to someone who's never taken it before, it's sort of like you want a team of people to make sure they'll look after them the first couple nights to make sure that nothing really weird happens to them.

Alert here could be a potential bonus side of things information here.

So there's a particular sleeping that has an additional potential problem which I find in particular horrifying.

You may or may not have seen some of the stuff we talked about.

Complex sleep related fever, temporary weakness in your legs.

The middle one is the one I'm looking at.

Temporary inability to move or talk.

Sleep paralysis for up to several minutes.

Are you going to sleep or you are waking up?

Several minutes.

Think about waking up and not.

Not being able to move for several minutes as you wake up.

I don't know if you don't find that far.

Fine.

I found a fine.

Especially if you don't know that's a side effect.

Right.

You think you're paralyzed.

That's it.

I can't move.

I'm waking up.

I can't move for a couple minutes.

And that does happen to some people.

Any questions about the.

That we talked about insomnia and narcolepsy.

This is when folks have these sudden attacks of really overwhelming sleepiness.

There is a genetic propensity here.

It's something we know neurological, at least in part.

I will bring up.

It happens in animals as well.

I have a video about Rust, the narcoleptic dog.

One of the things about narcolepsy is that it has catapultsy.

I can never say the name of that.

Essentially you just kind of collapse.

You lose control of your muscles.

You collapse, you fall asleep.

So Rusty's running out, have a great time.

Then all of a sudden on the ground.

It's very sad, but it happens to humans as well.

You know, obviously driving is really impaired in this if you have narcolepsy, particularly very severe.

Okay.

You know, I've worked with enough people that I come across folks that I suspected of having narcolepsy.

And you know, you think what would be the worst job to have if you were narcoleptic?

Probably someone who.

Right.

Was driving a motor vehicle professionally.

Right.

And that's, you know, it's a little bit scary when you think about some of those things.

They talk a lot about stimulants being a treatment and you take them during the day and then you don't take them at night so you can fall asleep the unfortunate thing about that is if you're taking too much stimulants, then your ability to fall asleep sometimes is impaired only because you're kind of withdrawing and then you have problems.

Actually.

It's like it can be a vicious cycle.

So narcolepsy is a very, very serious disorder.

Sleep apnea is when you have folks who, who are, you know, they just stop breathing.

Some people will stop breathing just a few times a night, some people will stop breathing hundreds of times in the night.

Maybe that's severe.

We know that long term that leads to people not being in a big mood very often.

So they tend to be kind of irritable because they're not getting enough sleep, even though much look like they are.

So lots of fatigue, lots of depression.

It's also associated with obesity, obesity.

So let's think here critically, right?

We see an association between sleep apnea and obesity.

So the connection often we think of is that wall length obesity, like if you, you know, are overweight, then you, you know, that leads to sleep apnea.

And that is partly true.

But think about it the other way around, right?

The other direction.

Could sleep apnea lead to, oh, obesity, yes, right.

The more tired you are, the less active you're probably going to be.

And for all other sorts of reasons, sleep adulation, hormonally and so forth, that can lead you to also gain weight and so forth.

So it's a combination of those kinds of things.

But we do know losing weight actually helps.

CPAP machines, which have had a long history of, lots of them have been recalled recently and so forth.

But surgery often is a last resort where you essentially are trying to get your airways sort of unencumbered from tissue and so forth.

So it's actually serious surgery, but it actually doesn't work for a lot of folks.

Any questions about that?

Sorry.

So to fit here, leg terrors and sweep walking, sleepwalking happens really in end, free sleep.

Sleepwalking can happen at any stage.

But sleepwalking happens in non rem free sleep and our deepest stages of sleep, people will get up and walk to all sorts of interesting places.

That connection between sleep for some people, sleep aids and kind of sleepwalking, there's somewhat of a connection there.

But you know, think about it.

If you have someone who is sleepwalking, what do we learn?

What do you, what do you not do when someone's asleep walking?

You don't wake them up, right?

Do you do anything when they're sleepwalking?

You just leave them alone because nothing bad's gonna happen.

You just leave them alone.

Don't, don't.

Cuz you'll scare the hell out of them.

If someone's sleepwalking, no, you shouldn't wake up, wake up.

But you should gently guide them back to bed.

People do get hurt, right?

I have some clips there about some stories.

One is about a camper asleep, a camp site who walked off the cliff.

He sleepwalked off the cliff and they had arrested him.

He survived.

Sleepwalking can be very dangerous.

So we have to make sure if someone's sleepwalking regularly.

The children do outgrow, but some people sleepwalk as an adult and I'll tell you a story.

A client that I had came to me, we were there, he wanted, he's like, I'm over stress.

I mean had to learn how to handle stress better.

We talked about that somewhere.

Second session maybe.

He said I was at my parents house over the weekend and they're horrified because apparently was sleepwalking and I pulled down the mirror off dresser, it crashed at my feet.

I didn't get hurt.

But you know, isn't that funny?

I was in like his middle to late twenties or something like that.

I'm like no, there's nothing funny about that at all.

You could have been hurt.

How long has this been dog on?

He said, I guess since I was a child but I live by myself now so I guess it's not recognized.

Maybe it's happening along, whatever, what should I do?

And I said I don't know.

I think you should probably see a sleep sat specialist.

Very limited, but I'll see what I can also find out.

Everything I came up with for the treatment was for children.

Everything was for children.

So how do you go to someone who's 27 years old and go.

Because one of the treatments is make sure that you use the potty before you go to bed.

How do you say that to someone who is of that age?

Right.

It sounds ridiculous.

So you know things I'm not going to say because it's condescending.

I said saw it but I said let me show the same thing.

Everything that I researched, it's all about children, right?

Other than making sure you see special view.

And one of them is first of all reduce stress.

The other is to make sure that you use the bathroom before you go to bed.

So I, I kind of, it was just, I just said it to say.

He says, you know, I still don't do that.

What do you mean?

He says, well it arguing with my parents when I was Younger.

When I was a kid, they would say, go to go to the bathroom.

And he was no, it was like this thing he would rebel against.

I'm not going to use bathroom.

I'm not going to use bathroom.

He says, I still do that in my head when I go to bed.

It's like a challenge.

I don't go to the bathroom before I go to bed.

See, I think it's what's one of the things in life you give up, right.

It makes no sense to do that anymore as an adult.

And I think what's happening because what you're getting throughout the night is messages, right?

Your body's telling you you need to go to the bathroom.

It's impairing your sleep.

So now you're having these sleepwalking episodes because you're bicycling.

You have to go to the bathroom.

Go to the bathroom before you go to bed.

Give up that fight.

Right.

And that will make a big difference, I hope.

Right.

I only saw him for like three or four sessions.

It was meant to be short.

I don't know what the actual impact was.

But I certainly hope that he didn't have continual levels of sleepwalking because that's very, very dangerous.

Okay, any questions about sleeping, walking, sleep talking, which is interesting experience.

If you have people around you who sleep talk, you can have conversations with them and then realize that they don't remember anything yet you remember everything.

Usually they're pretty incoherent at times when they do this.

Much more.

More sort of problematic for everyone around the person, including the person themselves.

Or night terrorists.

Night terrors happen around walking around during entry sleep.

You're seeing kind of behavior that looks like sleep walking, but the person actually is often screaming or they appear terrified of something.

They have this experience that something really bad is happening to them.

If anyone has known people of night terrors, it's very scary to people around them, especially if you don't know where if the bat wisest percussion, they feel like they're being murdered, right.

Because they're screaming so loud.

Person also often doesn't remember it.

They tend to be in, you know, high levels of stress.

So sometimes, you know, decreasing stress and anything, again, that interferes with their sleep can make a difference.

It happens a lot in childhood.

Most people go a lot of it.

But it's something that's actually, you know, can be very, very serious.

Any questions about these disorders?

So let's talk a little bit about dreaming.

We'll probably finish most of this.

We can kind of pick up in the next class a little less bit of this.

But by far the most sort of common explanation for dreaming why we dream is that it gives us a chance to.

How many love the lay understanding of your music business, A sense to kind of get something that's unacceptable in our.

In our psyche sort of out.

That's too much for us to deal with in everyday life.

And so we call that kind of the latent content of dreams, right.

Our mind tells us that we need to dream something to get rid of some conflict or to deal with something that's too much for us.

And so we kind of get to.

From us in our dream.

And that kind of helps us kind.

Of get through the day until we.

Get to our dreams again.

We don't often remember a lot of stuff.

It's the time to do so.

To give you a sense of a common interpretation that Freud might have had, this is the wishful.

If you're very attracted to your best friend's boyfriend or girlfriend, that's very, very attractive.

But you know, that's kind of the move you can't really.

You're not supposed to do that.

You're certainly not supposed to make any moves on your friend's best girlfriend, abortion friend.

Where does that go, right?

When you have to deal with that sometimes you didn't even realize you're attracted to this person.

So it might come out of your dream.

I go on a dream, like I'm on a train with this person, right?

That I'm attracted to, or at least this person that you're acknowledging.

Or your best friend, boyfriend and girlfriend, or on a train, and we're going through a tunnel, they go through another tunnel.

I'm exhausted after it.

And you're like.

You like train lights?

No, not particularly.

You know, you get exhausted on a train line.

No, it doesn't make any sense, right?

It's like Freud might say that symbolic of sexual intercourse.

You're kind of getting that he met through your dream.

It's symbolic and, you know, it's oftentimes you're unaware of this, right?

It sort of helps us kind of deal with things of which we're in conflict.

A lot of the lay theory of dreaming is that we dream in symbols.

And I guess it shields us from understanding the real meaning of things.

So there's not a lot of scientific support for this kind of idea of dreaming.

One of the things that I'll say, like if you.

If you look at a dream dictionary says if you dream about this, it means this, right?

With few Exceptions.

You know, if you dream about a dolphin, right?

What you probably are dreaming about, what it means, probably means something different from your.

Right.

So if you associate dolphins with peace and love, right.

Your dream is probably going to need something different than someone who thinks about dolphins as lunch, right?

It's probably going to be something very different.

So one size doesn't fit all here.

The research is not going in terms of interpreting it exactly.

What are we at?

405.

Let's see what the last one on this slide.

We'll pick on the next step.

One of the very much verified sort of reasons why we dream is the fact that we have new experiences every day that somehow now need to be consolidated with our old kind of memories.

We want to make new memories from the new experiences.

They need to be kind of integrated with the old experiences in a way that makes sense.

And our dreams are a byproduct of that kind of updating the new stuff, Right?

We know this is true because most of the things that we dream about are things that happen to us in that day.

They're related to things that are happening to us currently, things that we might be worried about and so forth.

It's very much related to things that are happening to us in the here and now.

And we know that we impair, particularly REM sleep.

We don't let people dream.

Their ability to remember things that just happen to them, like in recent days, is impaired.

Right?

So if you're studying but you're not actually sleeping at all, that impairs your memory.

So we know that dreams are very, very important information processes and so forth.

It doesn't explain why we dream a lot about the past in some respects, but it does things we haven't experienced.

But there's a lot of support between that.

Information processing model.

Study A: Cheating Experiment Overview

• Hypothesis/Research Question: Will observing a student cheat increase cheating among other students?

• Methodology: Experimental, involving manipulation and comparison of groups. This method is appropriate for determining cause-and-effect relationships.

  • Independent Variable (IV): Observing someone cheat vs. not observing someone cheat.

  • Dependent Variable (DV): Amount of cheating among participants, operationalized as actions beyond allowed test behaviors.

  • Blinding: Participants kept blind to the hypothesis and their group assignment (single-blind) to prevent influencing free will and behavior. Researchers kept blind to conditions (double-blind) to prevent observer bias.

  • Comparison Group: A control group is essential to compare outcomes when the IV is absent, establishing a baseline for cause-and-effect conclusions (e.g., how many would cheat without witnessing it).

  • Random Assignment: Best method to ensure groups are comparable at the outset, accounting for all possible confounding variables.

• Ethical Issues: Deception (not revealing the study's true purpose) is present but cleared by IRB if no other way, handled by debriefing afterward. Potential for discomfort or harm (e.g., feeling bad for cheating) addressed through debriefing and explaining social influences on behavior.

Roadblocks to Critical Thinking

1. Hindsight Bias: Believing outcomes were predictable after they've occurred, often dismissing research as unnecessary.

2. Anecdotal Reasoning: Using personal experience to make general claims, which may not be accurate or representative.

3. Confirmation Bias: Actively seeking or interpreting information in a way that confirms one's existing beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.

4. Violating the Principle of Falsifiability: Twisting contradictory information to fit a belief, rather than allowing the belief to be disproven.

Psychological Perspectives on Cheating

• Behavioral: Cheating as a modeled behavior (observational learning).

• Social-Cultural: Environmental influences making cheating more acceptable.

• Neuroscience: Cheating linked to impulsivity from developing brains or brain injuries.

• Psychodynamic: Cheating fuelled by unconscious insecurities or conflicts.

• Cognitive: Perception and interpretation of rules (e.g., a researcher giving access to a key might change the perception of what constitutes cheating).

• Behavior Genetics: Inherited vulnerability to not fear punishment, combined with environmental stressors, leading to cheating.

Study B: TV Viewing and Happiness Overview

• Methodology: Correlational study, measuring TV viewing hours and happiness levels. Not experimental as no variables are manipulated.

• Limitations: This study cannot establish cause and effect. It shows a relationship (more TV, less happiness), but cannot determine if:
  a. TV causes unhappiness.
  b. Unhappiness causes more TV watching (directional problem).
  c. A third variable (e.g., social isolation) influences both TV watching and unhappiness.

• Conclusion/Recommendation: Recommending people watch less TV to increase happiness is inappropriate due to the correlational nature of the study.

Module 7: Behavior Genetics

• Behavior Genetics: Study of the interaction between genetic (heredity) and environmental influences on behavior and traits.

• Polygenic Traits: Most personality traits, psychological, and medical disorders are influenced by many genes, not just one or two.

• Twin Studies: Compare identical (monozygotic: 100\% genes shared, same sex) and fraternal (dizygotic: 50\% genes shared, like regular siblings) twins, often raised in the same household.

  • Greater similarity (concordance) in identical twins on a trait compared to fraternal twins suggests a genetic influence.

  • Similarities in identical twins separated at birth highlight genetic impact, though generational/cultural factors can also explain commonalities.

• Adoption Studies: Compare adopted individuals to their biological and adoptive parents.

  • Individuals generally resemble biological parents more than adoptive parents for certain traits.

  • Adoption has significant benefits, as adoptive parents are often screened, and the adoptive environment can be more stable than biological environments.

• Gene-Environment Interaction: Genes and environment always interact. Inherited predispositions (e.g., for alcohol problems) may only express in specific environments (e.g., presence of alcohol).

• Evolutionary Psychology: Applies evolutionary principles to understand psychological processes, suggesting genes persist if they contribute to survival and reproduction.

Sleep

• Circadian Rhythms: Biological rhythms (e.g., wakefulness) that operate on a roughly 24-hour cycle, influenced internally even without external cues.

• **Stages of Sleep (occur in ~90-minute cycles):

  1. NREM1 (Non-Rapid Eye Movement Stage 1): Lightest sleep, often with hypnagogic hallucinations (sensation of falling, lights, sounds) and momentary sleep paralysis. These are common physiological experiences often misinterpreted.

  2. NREM2: Deeper sleep than NREM1.

  3. NREM3: Deepest stage of sleep.

  4. REM (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep): Associated with dreaming. It's called paradoxical sleep because brain activity resembles wakefulness, but the body is largely paralyzed (except for eye movements and minor muscle contractions).

• Factors Affecting Sleep Patterns:

  • Genetics: Predisposition to be a night owl or morning person.

  • Social/Cultural: Impact of inventions like artificial light on natural sleep cycles.

  • Melatonin Cycle: Secreted as it gets darker (promotes sleep), suppressed by light (promotes wakefulness).

  • Disruptions: Frequent shift changes, jet lag, and inconsistent sleep schedules (e.g., staying up late on weekends).

• Sleep Deprivation: Regular loss of required sleep (most adults need 7.5-9 hours).

  • Symptoms: Irritability, mood swings, fatigue, impaired decision-making, slower reaction time, memory issues, weakened immune system, weight gain.

• Insomnia: Clinical insomnia involves difficulty falling or staying asleep, or early morning awakening, at least 3 nights a week for 3 months.

• Treatments for Insomnia:

  • Recommended: Sleep hygiene (consistent schedule, exercise, relaxation, avoiding stimulants before bed, managing cognitive worries).

  • Not Recommended (First-Line): Prescription sleep aids like sedatives due to rapid tolerance, risk of physical dependence, and severe side effects. Withdrawal can worsen sleeplessness.

  • Side Effects of Sleep Aids (Complex Sleep Related Behaviors): Amnesia for actions performed while asleep (e.g., sleep driving, making phone calls, eating, rekindling relationships). The FDA has issued warnings due to these documented occurrences. Some medications can also cause temporary paralysis upon waking.

• Other Sleep Disorders:

  • Narcolepsy: Sudden, overwhelming attacks of sleepiness, often with cataplexy (sudden muscle collapse) and a genetic/neurological basis; stimulants are a common treatment.

  • Sleep Apnea: Repeated cessation of breathing during sleep, leading to fatigue, irritability, depression, and associated with obesity. Treatments include weight loss, CPAP machines, or surgery.

  • Night Terrors: Occur during NREM3 sleep, characterized by screaming, intense fear, and no memory of the event upon waking; common in childhood and linked to stress.

  • Sleepwalking (Somnambulism): Occurs during NREM3. Individuals get up and walk around while asleep; can be dangerous. It's recommended to gently guide sleepwalkers back to bed rather than waking them abruptly. Sleep talking is also common during NREM sleep.

Dreaming

• Psychodynamic Theory (Freudian): Dreams reveal latent (hidden) content, symbolically representing unacceptable thoughts or conflicts (e.g., sexual wishes). Little scientific support.

• Information Processing Theory: Dreams are a byproduct of the brain consolidating new memories and integrating them with old ones. Most dreams incorporate recent daily experiences. Impaired REM sleep can lead to impaired memory consolidation. This theory has more scientific support.