exam Tuesday

Epithelial Membranes

  • Define epithelial membranes as thin layers of tissue covering surfaces and lining cavities.
  • Examples of Epithelial Membranes:
    • Cutaneous membrane (skin)
    • Mucous membranes (line cavities open to the exterior)
    • Serous membranes (line closed body cavities and cover organs)

Serous Membranes

  • Functions as moist tissues that line and cover the organs and body cavities.
  • Types of Serous Membranes:
    • Pleura:
      • Covers lungs (visceral pleura) and lines pleural cavities (parietal pleura).
    • Pericardium:
      • Covers the heart (visceral pericardium) and lines the pericardial cavity (parietal pericardium).
    • Peritoneum:
      • Covers abdominal organs (visceral peritoneum) and lines abdominal cavity (parietal peritoneum).

Degree of Burns

  • Understand the classifications and descriptions of burn severity:
    • First-degree burns:
      • Affect only the epidermis; symptoms include redness, minor swelling, and pain.
    • Second-degree burns:
      • Involve epidermis and part of the dermis; symptoms include blisters, swelling, and severe pain.
    • Third-degree burns:
      • Affect deeper tissues; symptoms include white, charred skin or leathery texture, no pain in the affected area due to nerve damage.

Skin Anatomy

  • Glands involved in Blackheads:
    • Sebaceous glands produce sebum, leading to clogged hair follicles.
  • Layers of Skin:
    • Epidermis:
      • Outermost layer; contains keratinocytes which produce keratin.
    • Dermis:
      • Contains hair roots, blood vessels, nerve endings, and connective tissues.
    • Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer):
      • Composed of fat and connective tissue.

Nail Anatomy

  • Components of nails include:
    • Nail plate, nail bed, nail matrix, lunula, cuticle.

Bone Anatomy

  • Yellow Marrow:
    • Found in the medullary cavity of long bones; primarily stores fat and serves as energy reserve.
  • Red Marrow:
    • Found in spongy bone; responsible for hematopoiesis (production of blood cells).

Joints

  • Definition: Areas where two or more bones meet, allowing for various movements.
  • Types of Joints:
    • Synovial Joints:
      • Freely movable; includes knee, elbow.
    • Fibrous Joints:
      • Immovable, e.g., skull sutures.
    • Cartilaginous Joints:
      • Slightly movable, e.g., intervertebral discs.
  • Movement Terms:
    • Flexion: Decreasing the angle between two body parts.
    • Extension: Increasing the angle between body parts.

Muscle Atrophy

  • Define muscle atrophy as the decrease in muscle mass due to disuse or age-related changes.

Muscle Movements

  • Isometric Movements:
    • Muscles exert force without changing length (e.g., holding a weight).
  • Twitch:
    • A single brief contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus.

Types of Muscles

  • Types of Muscle:
    • Skeletal Muscle: Striated and under voluntary control; attached to bones.
    • Cardiac Muscle: Striated and involuntary; found in the heart.
    • Smooth Muscle: Non-striated and involuntary; found in hollow organs.
  • Roles of Muscles: Contraction for movement and maintaining posture, regulating body temperature.

Skeletal System Functions

  • Provides support, protects organs, allows movement, stores minerals, and performs hematopoiesis.

Hematopoiesis

  • Definition: The process of blood cell formation.
  • Occurs primarily in the red bone marrow of certain bones.

Bone Cells

  • Osteoclasts:
    • Cells that break down bone tissue, important for bone remodeling.
  • Osteoblasts:
    • Cells that form new bone tissue.

Bone Disorders

  • Osteoporosis:
    • A condition characterized by weak and brittle bones.
  • Myasthenia Gravis:
    • An autoimmune disease affecting neuromuscular transmission, leading to muscle weakness.

Synovial Membranes

  • Line synovial joints, producing synovial fluid, which lubricates and nourishes joint cartilage.

Spinal Disorders

  • Kyphosis:
    • Excessive outward curvature of the spine.
  • Lordosis:
    • Excessive inward curvature of the spine.
  • Scoliosis:
    • Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Bone Diseases

  • Rickets:
    • Caused by vitamin D deficiency, leading to softening of bones in children.
  • Osteomalacia:
    • Softening of bones due to deficiency of vitamin D or calcium.
  • Paget's Disease:
    • Disorder characterized by the abnormal breakdown and formation of bone tissue.

Inflammatory Arthritis Types

  • Several different types include rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and gout.

Bone Classification

  • Types of Bones:
    • Long Bones: Longer than they are wide (e.g., femur).
    • Short Bones: Approximately equal in length and width (e.g., carpals).
    • Irregular Bones: Have complex shapes (e.g., vertebrae).

Muscle Characteristics

  • Visceral (Smooth Muscle): Involuntary control, found in internal organs.
  • Cardiac Muscle: Involuntary, located in the heart, responsible for pumping blood.
  • Skeletal Muscle: Voluntary control, striated fibers attached to bones.

Primary Functions of the Muscular System

  • Facilitate movement of the body, maintain posture, generate heat, and assist in circulation.

Bone-related Cancers

  • Chondrosarcoma:
    • Cancer that originates in cartilage cells.
  • Osteosarcoma:
    • A malignant tumor of the bone; most common type of bone cancer in children and young adults.
  • Osteomyelitis:
    • An infection of the bone, can be caused by bacteria or fungi.

Types of Fractures

  • Open Fracture: Bone breaks through the skin.
  • Closed Fracture: Bone breaks but does not penetrate the skin.
  • Complete Fracture: Bone is broken into two or more pieces.
  • Incomplete Fracture: Bone cracks but does not break all the way through.