CNA CHAPTERS REVIEWS
CNA REVIEW
Chapter 1: Understanding Healthcare Settings
Long-term care (LTC): is given in long-term care facilities for people who need 24-hour skilled care.
Skilled Care: is medically necessary care given by a skilled nurse or therapist; it is available 24 hours a day. It is ordered by a doctor and involves a treatment plan.
Home Health Care: or home care, is provided in a person's home.
Assisted living facilities: residences for people who need some help with daily care, such as showering, meals, and dressing. Medications may also be given. No need for 24-hour skilled care.
Adult day services: people who need some assistance and supervision during certain hours, but who do not live in the facility where care is provided.
Acute care: 24-hour skilled care given in hospitals and ambulatory surgical centers for people who require short- term, immediate care for illness or injuries.
Subacute care: given in hospitals and long-term care facilities. It is used for people who need less care than for an acute ( sudden onset, short-term) illness, but more care than for a chronic (long-term) illness.
Outpatient care: given to people who have had treatments, procedures, or surgeries and need short-term skilled care.
Rehabilitation: care is given by specialists and professionals. Physical, https://myapps.classlink.com/homecupational, and speech therapists help store or improve.
Person centered-care: emphasizes the individuality of the person who needs care, and recognizes and develops the person’s capabilities. It promotes the residents' individual preferences, choices, dignity, and interests.
Trauma-informed care: an approach to patient care that recognizes that people may have experienced trauma in their lives.
Hospice care: given in facilities or homes for people who have approximately six months or less to live. Physical and emotional care is given until the person dies.
Joint Commission: is an independent, not-for-profit organization that evaluates and accredits healthcare organizations. Its standards focus on improving the quality and safety of care given to patients, clients, and residents.
ADLs ( Activities of Daily Living): daily personal tasks such as bathing: nail, skin, teeth, and hair care: mouth care: and walking, eating and drinking, dressing, transferring, and eliminating.
Chronic Illness: a disease or condition that is long-term care or long-lasting and requires management of symptoms.
Dementia: a general term that refers to a serious, progressive loss of mental abilities, such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and communicating.
Chapter 2: The Nursing Assistant and the Care Team:
The care team is formed by: Doctors, Physician Assistants, RNs, NAs, Physical Therapist, Occupational Therapists, Speech-language Pathologists, Registered Dietitian, Medical Social Worker, Activities Director, Resident, and Resident’s Family.
Charting: duty of the nursing assistant is noting and recording important information about the resident.
Chain of Command: the nurse is acting on the instructions of a physician or other member of the care team. It describes the line of authority and helios to make sure that residents get proper health care.
Liability: a legal term that means someone can be held responsible for harming someone else.
Scope of practice: defines the tasks that healthcare providers are legally allowed to do according to state or federal law.
The nursing process ↓
Assessment: getting information from many sources, including medical history, physical assessment, and environment, and reviewing this information.
Diagnosis: identifying health problems after looking at all the resident’s needs
Planning: setting goals and creating a cate in accordance with the resident’s preferences to meet the resident’s needs
Implementation: putting the care plan into action: giving care ‘
Evaluation: a careful examination to see if the goals were met or progress was achieved
Delegation: means transferring responsibility to a person for an specific task
Chapter 3: Legal and Ethical Issues
Ethics: are the knowledge of right and wrong. The sense of duty and responsibility toward others.
Laws: tell what one must do.
OBRA: A federal law that established minimum standards of care and rights for people living in nursing homes.
Minimum Data Set (MDS): a detailed form with guidelines for assessing residents. It lists what to do if resident problems are identified. Nurses must complete the MDS for each resident within 14 days of admission to the care facility and again each year. The MDS for each resident must be reviewed every three months.
Residents Rights: specifies how residents must be treated while living in a facility.
Quality of life
The right to be fully informed about the rights and services
The right to participate in their own care
The right to make independent choices
The right to privacy and confidentiality
The right to dignity, respect, and freedom
The right to security of possessions
The right to complain
The right to visits
Neglect: is the failure to provide needed care that results in physical, mental, or emotional harm to a person.
Negligence: means actions, or the failure to act or provide the proper care for a resident, resulting in unintended injury.
Malpractice: occurs when a person is injured due to professional misconduct through negligence, carelessness, or lack of skill.
Abuse: is purposeful mistreatment that causes physical, mental, or emotional pain or injury to someone.
Physical abuse: is any treatment, intentional, or unintentional, that causes harm to a person’s body/
Physiological abuse: is emotional harm caused by threatening, scaring, humiliating, intimidating, isolating, or insulting a person, or treating an adult as a child.
Verbal abuse: is the use of spoken or written words, pictures, or gestures, that threaten, embarrass, or insult a person.
Assault: is a threat to harm a person, resulting in the person feeling fearful that they will be harmed.
Battery: is the intentional touching of a person without their consent, which may or may not cause harm.
Sexual abuse: is nonconsensual sexual contact of any type.
Financial abuse: is the improper or illegal use of a person’s money, possessions, property, or other assets.
Domestic violence: is abuse by spouses, intimate partners, or family members.
Workplace violence: is abuse of staff by other staff members, residents, or visitors.
False imprisonment: is unlawful restraint that affects a person’s freedom of movement.
Involuntary seclusion: is the separation of a person from others against the person's will.
Sexual harassment: any unwelcome sexual advances or behavior that creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.
Substance abuse: is the repeated use of legal or illegal drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol in a way that harms oneself or others.
Mandated reporters; are people who are legally required to report suspected or observed abuse or neglect because they have regular contact with vulnerable populations, such as the elderly.
Ombudsman: is assigned by law as the legal advocate for residents.
Confidentiality: the legal and ethical principle of keeping information private.
Protected health information (PHI): is information that can be used to identify a person and relates to the patient's condition, any health care that the person has had and payment for that health care.
Advance directives: legal documents that allow people to decide what kind of medical care they wish to have in the event they are unable to make those decisions themselves.
Living will: outlines the medical care a person wants, or does not want, in case the person becomes unable to make those decisions.
Durable power of attorney for health care: is a signed, dated, and witnessed legal document that appoints someone else to make medical decisions for a person in the event that she becomes unable to do so.
Physician Orders for Life-sustaining Treatment (POLST): An order that specifies treatments to be used when a person is very ill. These treatments are what the person wants to receive, not what he wished to avoid.
Do not resuscitate (DNR): a medical order that instructs medical professionals not to be perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on a person
Do not hospitalize (DNH) :a medical order that states a person should not be sent to a hospital for treatment: treatment, however, is continued where the person is residing.
Do not intubate (NHI): a medical order that tells medical professionals to not place a breathing tube in a person.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): a medical procedure used when a person’s heart or lungs have stopped working.
Chapter 4: Communication and Cultural Diversity
Verbal communication: words, spoken, or written
Nonverbal communication: body language, drawings, dances, hugs, etc.
Objective information: is based on what a person sees, hears, touches, or smells. (Signs)
Subjective information: is something a person cannot or did not observe. Something reported that may or not may be true. (symptoms)
Incontinence: is the inability to control the bladder or bowel movements.
Cyanotic: skin that is blue or gray
Runny nose: nasal discharge
Impairment: is a loss of function or ability; it can be partial or complete loss
Farsightedness (hyperopia): is the ability to see objects in the distance better than objects nearby
Nearsightedness (myopia): is the ability to see things near but not far.
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA): cva, or stroke occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain.
Hemiplegia: paralysis on one side of the body
Hemiparesis: weakness on one side of the body
Expressive aphasia: trouble communicating thoughts through speech or writing
Receptive aphasia: difficulty understanding spoken or written words
Emotional lability: inappropriate or unprovoked emotional responses, including laughing, crying, and anger
Difficulty swallowing: dysphagia
Combative: violent or hostile behavior
Chapter 5: Infection Prevention and Control
Infection prevention: is the set of methods practiced in healthcare facilities to prevent and control the spread of disease
Microorganisms: also called a microbe, is a living thing that is so small that it is only visible under a microscope
Localized infection: an infection that is limited to a specific location in the body
Systemic infection: affects the entire body
Healthcare-associated infection (HAI):is an infection acquired in a healthcare setting during the delivery of medical care
Chain of infection: is a way of describing how disease is transmitted from one human being to another
Chain links:
1- causative agent: is a pathogenic microorganism that causes disease.
2- a reservoir: is where the pathogen lives and multiplies. It can be a human, animal, plant, soil, or substance.
3- portal of exit: is anybody opening on an infected person that allows pathogens to leave. It includes the nose, mouth, eyes, or a cut in the skin.
4- Mode of transmission: it describes how the pathogen travels. The main routes of transmission are contact, droplet, and airborne transmission.
Direct contact happens by touching the infected person or their secretions.
Indirect contact results from touching an object contaminated by the infected person, such as a needle, dressing, tissue, or bed linen.
5- the portal of entry: is anybody opening on an uninfected person that allows pathogens to enter
Mucous membranes are the membranes that line body cavities that open to the outside of the body
6- susceptible host: is an uninfected person who could become ill.
Medical asepsis: refers to measures used to reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens
Surgical asepsis: also known as the sterile technique, makes an object or area completely free of all microorganisms
Dehydration: is a condition that occurs when there is an inadequate amount of fluid in the body
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): is a federal government agency that makes rules to protect workers from hazards on the job
Center for Disease Control and Prevention: a government agency under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that issues information to protect the health of individuals and communities
Standard precautions: means treating blood and other body fluids, non intact skin, and mucous membranes as if they were infected
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): is equipment that helps protect employees from serious injuries or illness resulting from contact with workplace hazards
Disinfection: is a process that destroys most, but not all pathogens
Sterilization: is a cleaning measure that destroys all microorganisms, including those that form spores
Autoclave: a machine that sterilizes objects by using hot steam under pressure
Transmission Based Precautions: airborne precaution, droplet precaution, contact precaution
Multidrug resistant organisms (MDROs): are microorganisms, mostly, bacteria that are resistant to one or more antimicrobial agents that are commonly used for treatment
Antimicrobial: agent destroys, resists, or prevents the development of pathogens
Bloodborne pathogens: are microorganisms found in human blood that can cause infection and disease in humans
The two major bloodborne diseases in the United States are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the viral hepatitis family.
Hepatitis: is inflammation of the liver caused by certain viruses and other factors, such as alcohol abuse, some medications, and trauma
Jaundice: a condition in which the skin, white of the eyes, and mucous membranes appear yellow
Bloodborne Pathogens Standard: a federal law that requires healthcare facilities to protect employees from bloodborne health hazards
Tuberculosis or TB: is a highly contagious disease caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air
Two types of Tuberculosis : Latent TB infection & TB
Someone with latent TB infection carries the disease but does not show symptoms and cannot infect others
TB disease shows symptoms of the disease and can spread TB to others
Phlegm: is a thick mucus from the respiratory passage
Two types of MDROs are methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, commonly referred to as MRSA, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, called VRE.
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria that can cause infection. MRSA is a strain of this bacterium that has developed resistance to methicillin.
Enterococcus are bacteria that live in the digestive and genital tracts. If the enterococci become resistant to vancomycin, then it is called vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus, or VRE.
Clostridioides difficile (Cloristium Difficile Infection) CDI: is commonly known as C. diff or C.difficile. It is a spore-formating bacterium which can be part of the normal intestinal flora. It produces a toxin that causes watery diarrhea.