Untitled Flashcards Set

INTRODUCTION TO KINESIOLOGY (Unit 1)

·       What school is the Kinesiology department in at CU?

o   School of Health, Science, and Technology

·       Who is the departmental director of Kinesiology?

o    Dr. James Sackett

·       How do you define of kinesiology, physical education, exercise science & sport?

o   Kinesiology: study of human physical activity

o   Physical education: Physical activity with an educational goal

o   Exercise Science: Physiology of physical activity

o   Sports: Physical activity in which movement is performed to achieve a specific goal in manner specified by established rules in a competitive context

·       What is the “nail” of these diverse but related professions? Why is it the nail?

o   “NAILS” = Physical Activity, refers to the house of kinesiology and how the nail connects all the different “rooms”

·       What does and does not constitute physical activity? How is it defined?

o   “Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscle that results in energy expenditure that is intentional, voluntary, or directed toward achieving an identifiable goal.

·       What is meant by the “holistic nature of kinesiology”?

o   Goes beyond just the physical aspects of physical activity and includes the cognitive, emotional, and spiritual aspects.

§  Psychomotor: causing a change in the physical (hands)

§  Cognitive: learning new information, thinking (head)

§  Affective: values, attitude, character development, self-esteem (heart)

·       What factors influence the kinds and amounts of performance experiences? What does the research indicate?

HISTORY OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY (Unit 2)

·       Why were the Israelites physically active? What were they trying to survive?

o   Provided food through farming and shepherding; dance was very prevalent (victory, wedding, religious); yearly pilgrimages for feasts; importance of military (“folk heroes”, archers, slingshots, chariots/calvary, and pro runners)

o   What is a story or verse in the Old Testament that illustrates the purpose of physical activity? (survival from enemies and/or elements)

§  II Samuel 18:19-23 (v. 23 He said, ‘Come what may, I want to run.’)

·       Greeks:

o   What were the 2 city states discussed in class and how were they different regarding physical activity? Who did they educate and what was the purpose?

§  Athens and Sparta

§  They had different city symbols and ‘ideals’ (“man of action” and “man of wisdom”)

·       Athens: Athena

·       Sparta: King Leonidas

§  They educated different people and had different values:

·       Athens: only educated wealthy boys to create men of action and wisdom; for physical prowess for war and intellect for the growth of the city-state

·       Sparta: educated both boys and girls; for physical prowess to create strong military men and strong girls for bearing children

o   What were the Pan-Hellenic Festivals? What was the purpose of them?

§  Games that brought the people from various Greek city-states to celebrate different gods through athletic competitions, artistic performances, and religious ceremonies

·       Random Facts:

o   Ancient Olympic games were held in Olympia near Mount Olympus

o   Ancient Olympic games began in 776 BC and were held every 4 years (293 consecutive games)

o   Held to honor Greek god Zeus

o   Began as a 1 day competition and transformed into 3 to 5 days

o   Athletes of stadion, footrace, long jump, wrestling, boxing, discus throw, javelin throw, and chariots racing participated

o   At first, only men from Greek city-states could compete and they competed in the nude

o   Only men and unmarried women were able to attend

o   To allow for safe travel by athletes and spectators, a “truce” was declared between city-states

o   Attendees equated athletic competition with religious worship due to the sacrifices offered to Zeus

o   Ancient Olympic athletes had coaches and trainers, they received the highest honor in their home towns, privileges, and were idolized

o   What impact might the Pan-Hellenic Festivals have had on the early church based upon the writings in the New Testament?

§  Around the time the book of Jonah was written, but after Daniel in the lion’s den and Queen Esther

·       Romans:

o   What were the Gladiator contests?

§  “Athletic competitions that were blended with the sadistic lure of ultimate defeat”

§  (Naval competitions, man vs. beast, man vs. man, women vs. women)

o   What value did the Roman’s place on the physical body?

§  They put very HIGH value on the physical body

o   What impact might these Roman contests have had on the early church based upon the writings in the New Testament?

§  Paul wrote to the Christians in Ephesus, and Ephesus had it’s own gladiator stadium

·       What problems might the early church have had with the Greek festivals and Roman games?

·       In general, what impact did Medieval Europe, Renaissance, Reformation, Age of Enlightenment, Naturalism and Nationalism have on physical activity?

o   After the fall of the Roman Empire, the value of the human physical body decreased.

§  Medieval: The body was considered the “inferior” part of the body-soul connection and was merely viewed as an instrument.

§  Renaissance: started to refocus on human rather than divine (more holistic approach)

§  Reformation: physical activity was view with some  moral value – with limitations

§  Enlightenment: character best develops through moral and physical discipline (borrowed mottos from the greeks)

§  Naturalism/Nationalism: started reemphasizing PA due to the importance of military might

o   What role did gymnastics play?

§  It was developed to unify a nation (particularly the German people) and to prepare them form the military

§  First called “turnplatz” and the participates were later called turners

o   Did England value gymnastics? Why or why not?

§  England did not value gymnastics, but preferred sports and games. (Arnoldism: means for boys to learn moral virtues of cooperation, leadership, loyalty, self-discipline, and sportsmanship.)

·       What impact did immigrants have on physical activity in America?

o   Example: German gymnastics in America

o   They were used to education of physical activity for children

·       What impact did Dudley Sargent, Charles Beck & Frederick Olmstead have on PA?

o   Dudley Sargent – built the first college gymnasium at Harvard College

o   Charles Becks – First PE teacher in the U.S. (1825)

o   Fredrick Olmsted – central park

·       What is the purpose of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans 2^nd Edition document? What were the general recommendations for each age group?

o   To reduce the amount of chronic diseases in America (it would also lower the annual health care costs). The primary audience is policy makers and health professionals.

o   Children/Adolescents (ages 6-17): 60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily. (aerobic: 60 minutes or more at least 3 days a week; muscle strengthening: at least 3 days a week; bone-strengthening: at least 3 days a week)

o   Adults: at least 150 minutes – 300 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes to 150 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity (muscle-strengthening activities of moderate or greater intensity on 2 or more days a week)

o   Older Adults: (same guidelines for adults) balance aerobic and muscle-strengthening activities relative to their ability.  

o   Pregnancy/Postpartum: at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity a week (they can continue to engage in vigorous-intensity aerobic activity)

o   Chronic Health Conditions/Disabilities: (same guidelines as adults)

VOCATIONAL PREPARATION (Unit 3)

§  What is the class definition of vocation and what implication does it have regarding selecting a profession?

o   Faithfully steward your God-given talents and opportunities to serve society throughout your professional, personal, and civic life

§  How does a Christian worldview (Creation, Fall, Redemption, Restoration/Consummation) impact your professional selection?  Is your professional career Biblical? Why? Be prepared to use at least one verse related to this question.

o   Three “R’s” of HOPE (Return of Christ, Restoration of all things, Resurrection of the body) (FIND A VERSE)

o   Care for others and help restore the broken bodies.

§  What are the  7 “Strategies for Success as a Kinesiology Student”? (Chapter 2)

1.     Build a solid foundation

2.     Involvement in Internships/summer jobs

3.     Pursue academic excellence

4.     Get involved in research

5.     Start building professional relationships

6.     Select diverse electives

PHYSICAL EDUCATION (Unit 4)

What role did gymnastics play in the teaching of physical education in the 1800’s?

Most of the first physical education teachers were trained in gymnastics.

What impact did Dr. Hitchcock and Catherine Beecher have of PE?

Dr. Hitchcock was a professor of Hygiene and Physical Education at Amherst College in Massachusetts. He was part of a school that was the first to require students to take a PE class. The qualifications for a PE teachers were a Christian man, medical degree, skilled in gymnastics, and also a musician.

Catherine Beecher developed a system of gymnastics for women at Hartford Female Seminary. It offers classes in geography, world history, Latin, rhetoric, philosophy, and natural sciences, AND calisthenics. The objective was to aid women in improving vitality so they could be better wives and mothers.

What concerns did society have with women being physically active?

They worried that physical activity would damage reproductive health, take away from modesty, and destroy ladylikeness (create manly women)

Who was William G. Anderson and what role did he play in the AAPE?

William G. Anderson was born in St. Joseph, Michigan and was employed as an instructor of physical training at the Adelphi Academy in Brooklyn, NY but was concerned about his lack of training. He became a founding member and secretary of the AAPE (Association for the Advancement of Physical Education)

Who was Amy Homans and how did she impact PE in Boston and nationally?

Amy Homans founded the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics for Women (1889 Boston Conference). She wished to influentially place women in positions of leadership related to physical education by networking.

What is NEW PE and who impacted this movement in PE? (Wood & Hanna)What illustrations can you give that represent the pendulum shift in PE between fitness & sport in terms of how to teach the subject?

The European gymnastics was failing to appeal to a broad spectrum of individuals in the United States and kickstarted the development of NEW PE. “The great thought in physical education is not the education of the physical nature, but the relation of physical training to complete education…” Physical education moved AWAY from science and medical profession (gymnastics to teach) and moved TOWARDS educational profession (games and sports to teach).

What illustrations can you provide that illustrate the pendulum shift between PE being considered important or unimportant?

1930-1940 The Great Depression caused PE to be considered UNIMPORTANT

1941-45 WWII caused PE to be considered IMPORTANT

POST WWII cause the shift to change to sports

1950s ‘Space Age’ Changed PE to OPTIONAL

1960s Civil Rights is when schools became desegreated and caused PE to become OPTIONAL

1970s Equality was the decade when Title IX was formed and caused PE to become IMPORTANT

Who is Dr. Hans Kraus, what test did he create and what did it tell us?

Dr. Hans Kraus developed the Kraus-Weber Test around the 1950s that evaluated back strength and flexibility. It showed that American children had a much higher fail rate than European children. Dr. Kraus suggested that emphasis should be placed on fitness and not sport.

SPORT (Unit 5)

In the 1800’s, how important were sports on college campuses?  For men and women?

Sports were becoming more important. The FIRST collegiate competition was in 1852 between Harvard-Yale in Rowing (Regatta). Men’s sports was held in a much higher regard than women’s, there was a ‘play-to-win-at-all-costs’ mentality

What were “Play Days” and why were they created?

Events where girls and women could participate in sports and social activites together. They promoted sportsmanship and friendship (games, socialization, and snacks). They believed that this more relaxed model would avoid the abuses found in men’s athletics and would be acceptable within gender and class behavior.

            List a few popular sports today that were invented during the late 1800’s.

            Base Ball – 1846

            Softball – 1887, created by George Hancock (AKA: kitten ball, mush ball, pumpkin ball)

Basketball – 1891, created by Dr. James Naismith

            Volleyball – 1895, created by William G. Morgan

Why is the invention of basketball so unique in relation to men and women’s participation during that time period?

Both women and men played basketball (although the women’s version was modified). Women’s College Basketball was also first started before Men’s College Basketball

Baron Pierre de Coubertin – who was he and what is his connection to the modern-day Olympics?

”French educationalist who held the view that the tradition of game playing and athleticism of the public schools of England was what had made the country one of the greatest powers in the world” He was one of the reason that the modern day Olympics are held to this day

            Important dates related to the Modern Day Olympics – 1896, 1900 & 1904 why?

                        1896 Reborn – The first Olympics was held in Athens, Greece at April 6-15, 1896

                        1900 Women – First-time women could compete (22 of 997 athletes)

                        1904 Persons of color – First-time black athletes to compete and win medals

            How has politics impacted the modern-day Olympics?

            Has become a way to make political statements. (i.e. not sending important leaders to the games when particular countries are hosting)

            What impact did the US women have on the 2012 & 2024 Olympics? How and why?

            2012: United States was represented by more women athletes than men

            2024: United States women athletes were third in overall medal standings           

            How did Title IX change sport participation for women?

            1972: allowed women to have an equal chance to participate in sports

            What is the NACE and what does that tell us about sport competition today?

            NACE = National Association of Collegiate eSports

Why was the Big10 Conference started? What about the IAAUS/NCAA?

The Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representation was started in 1895 by Purdue President James Smart to keep sports under control. It regulated the number of days student-athletes were away, use of pro-athletes in contests, and betting on athletes.

IAAUS (1906-1910): Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States. Started due to deaths by student-athletes in football..

NCAA (1910 – present): National Collegiate Athletic Association

What sets the NAIA apart from the NCAA?

NAIA (National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics)  started in 1952 and serves small colleges. It stands apart from the NCAA due to it being the first association to invite historically black colleges to compete (1948) and the first to offer national championship events for women in 1980 (NCAA did not do this until 1981)

What role did the AAGPBL play in society?

All-American Girls Professional Baseball League (1943-1954). It was the first professional sports league for women.

Why did the AIAW need to exist?

Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (started in 1971) was created to offer opportunities for women in collegiate competition. Pushed for Title IX rules to be enforced and eventually merged with the NCAA

What are the barriers to sport listed in class and what evidence can you provide that they exist?

How would you respond to the statement, “If sport has value, why would we want to limit others from participating?”

Gender: limited opportunities in high school or college, “play days”, limited participation in Olympics, no national organizations offering collegiate championship events for women until 1980 (Babe Didrikson Zaharias)

Racial/Ethnic: limited participation in Olympics, limited presence on collegiate athletic teams and/or schools refusing to play a team that had a black player, limited professional sport opportunities (racial slurs, forfeits, violence, biased officiating) (Jackies Robinson)

Age: stereotypes against older athletes, not as many opportunities

“Ability”: very exclusionary model of sports participation; intellectual disabilities

Economic Barriers: socioeconomic class (certain sports have high financial cost)

Religious Barriers: certain religious beliefs may discourage participation in specific sports or physical activities, limiting access and inclusivity for athletes from diverse backgrounds.