DRRR Second Quarter Reviewer
Powers and Functions of the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
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The National Council was given broader powers and included more stakeholders such as the civil society and private sectors.
The National Council is headed by members of the Cabinet, including the Secretary of the Department of National Defense (DND) as Chairperson, Secretary of the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Preparedness, Secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Response, Secretary of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Prevention and Mitigation, and Director-General of the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) as Vice Chairperson for Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery.
The National Council also includes representatives from civil society organizations (CSOs) and the private sector.
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The National Council is mandated with policy-making, coordination, monitoring, and evaluation functions.
Powers and Functions of the National Council include policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation.
The National Council develops the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF) and a national agenda for research and technology development on disaster risk reduction and management.
The National Council advises the President on disaster preparedness, mitigation, response, and rehabilitation operations, recommends the declaration of a state of calamity, establishes a national early warning and emergency alert system, and develops coordination mechanisms for implementation.
The National Council ensures multi-stakeholder participation in the development of a Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Information System and Geographic Information System-based national risk map.
The National Council manages and mobilizes resources for disaster risk reduction and management, conducts performance monitoring, and coordinates the country's obligations with disaster management treaties.
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The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) administers a comprehensive national civil defense and disaster risk reduction and management program.
The Administrator of the OCD serves as the Executive Director of the National Council.
The OCD provides leadership in the development of strategic and systematic approaches to reduce vulnerabilities and manage the consequences of disasters.
The National Council employs the services and facilities of the OCD as the secretariat.
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The powers and functions of the Office of Civil Defense include policymaking, coordination, integration, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation.
The OCD formulates and implements the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) and ensures consistency with the plans of communities, cities, municipalities, and provinces.
The OCD advises the National Council on disaster risk reduction and management matters, formulates standard operating procedures, and coordinates before and after disasters at all levels.
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Establishing Standard Operating Procedures and Operating Facility
Establish standard operating procedures for communication system among disaster risk reduction and management councils at different levels
Purpose: warning, alerting, and gathering information on disaster areas
Establish National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Operations Center (NDRRMOC)
Operated and staffed 24/7
Integration
Identify, assess, and prioritize hazards and risks in consultation with key stakeholders
Establish Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Training Institutes
Train public and private individuals in disaster risk reduction and management
Consolidate and prepare training materials and publications
Conduct research programs and document best practices
Conduct periodic awareness and education programs
Create an enabling environment for participation of CSOs, private groups, volunteers, and communities
Prepare criteria and procedure for enlisting accredited community disaster volunteers (ACDVS)
Include a manual of operations for the volunteers
Supervision
Ensure that Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Offices (LDRRMOs) adhere to national standards and programs
Ensure that government agencies and LGUs prioritize and take appropriate measures in disaster risk reduction and management
Provide advice, technical assistance, and mobilize necessary resources to increase capacity of LGUs
Create necessary offices to perform mandate under the Act
Monitoring and Evaluation
Develop and implement national standards for disaster risk reduction programs
Review and evaluate Local Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plans (LDRRMPs)
Ensure alignment with national policies and international agreements
Conduct early recovery and post-disaster needs assessment, including gender analysis
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The State as a Duty Bearer
The state is primarily responsible for protecting its people and their human rights
The state must protect people from disaster injuries and avert loss of lives, livelihoods, and harm to the environment and social resources
The state should invest in disaster risk reduction initiatives and adopt a proactive approach focused on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness
Stages of Disaster Risk Reduction Process
Selecting the Community
Conduct a thorough risk assessment survey
Factors for identifying communities for CBDRRM activities: severity of risk exposure, number of beneficiaries, readiness of the community, poverty status, government priority, budget availability, and accessibility
Rapport Building and Understanding
Appreciate local social relationships, power structures, and economic groups
Gather information about the community's nature, needs, and resources
Facilitate effective people's participation through immersion in the community and listening to their issues
Participatory Disaster Risk Assessment (PDRA)
Identify risk exposure and ways of overcoming risks
Involves hazard assessment, capacity assessment, vulnerability assessment and analysis, and prioritization of risks
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Planning
Further analysis of disaster risks and identification of resolutions
Requires a risk reduction response plan and analysis of local stakeholders and resources
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Strategies for Community-Managed Implementation
The community-based organization is responsible for overall management of disaster reduction activities.
Local authorities play facilitating and coordinating roles, as well as technical support, for disaster reduction activities.
Monitoring and Evaluation of Disaster Risk Reduction Activities
PME (Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation) involves the local community, development agencies, local authorities, and other stakeholders.
It is important to involve all stakeholders in monitoring and evaluating the progress of disaster risk reduction activities.
Selecting the Community for CBDRRM Activities
LGUs (Local Government Units) conduct a detailed risk assessment survey of the whole area under their jurisdiction.
Communities are selected based on factors such as the severity of their exposure to risk, the number of people who will benefit from DRR activities, the readiness of the community to engage in DRR activities, poverty status, governmental priority, budget availability, and accessibility.
Rapport Building and Understanding
It is important to understand the local social relationships, power structures, and key economic groups in the community.
Building good informal relationships with the local people is crucial for effective participation.
Local authorities and NGOs need to gather basic information about the community and build trust and friendship with the community members.
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Understanding the Community's Development Position and Context
Social groups: ethnic, class, religious, and language-based groups in the community.
Cultural arrangements: family and community level structures, hierarchies, common ways of behaving and expressing.
Economic activities: major livelihood sources, labor division, relationship between livelihood activities and seasonality.
Spatial characteristics: location of housing areas, public service facilities, agricultural land, etc.
Vulnerable households and groups: identification of the most vulnerable groups or households based on their locations, livelihoods, ethnic and cultural positions, etc.
Participatory Disaster Risk Assessment
A process to identify risks faced by communities and how they overcome them.
Involves hazard assessment, vulnerability assessment, capacity assessment, and analysis and prioritization of risks.
Conducted by local authorities with the involvement of local people, community leaders, and subject experts.
Community-Based Disaster Risk Management Planning
Further analysis conducted jointly by local authorities and communities to analyze risks and identify strategies and solutions.
Development of a detailed risk reduction and response plan for specific communities.
Analysis of local stakeholders and resources.
Clarification of roles and responsibilities of stakeholders for implementation of activities.
Community-Managed Implementation
Implementation of the plan done through the community-based organization with support from local authorities and research institutions.
Includes structural and nonstructural activities such as community training, disaster response drills, early warning systems, disaster-resilient construction, forest and mangrove plantations, diversification of crops, rainwater harvesting, construction of dikes and bridges.
Community-based organization responsible for overall management of disaster reduction activities.
Local authorities play a facilitating and coordinating role, as well as providing technical assistance to communities.
Monitoring and Evaluation
Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PME) involving the local community, development agencies, and local authorities.
Important for assessing the progress of disaster risk reduction activities.
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Stakeholders in measuring progress and identifying follow-up actions
Harmony among all groups in PME is important for success
People have capacities and are not helpless in disasters
People initiate necessary steps to survive before aid arrives
Filipinos possess qualities essential in disasters (cooperation, resourcefulness, joyfulness)
Community organizations and volunteers are a good resource in crises
Local government units should facilitate formation and training of community groups
Lack of information and preparedness hinders people's participation
Local authorities should establish mechanisms for local information
Cultural and social institutions can be utilized for information dissemination
Principles and Elements of Emergency Preparedness
Emergency preparedness is located in the overall discourse of disaster management
Local authorities are responsible for promoting emergency readiness
Emergency preparedness involves prediction, response, and recovery
Principles of emergency preparedness:
Responsibility of all
Woven into community and administrative context
Based on vulnerability assessment
Connected to other aspects of emergency management
Focus on process and people rather than documentation
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Renaming of the National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC)
Inclusion of more stakeholders such as civil society and private sectors
Examples of reducing long-term risk at the local level:
Strengthening people's economic capacity through various means such as draft animal dispersal, farm implements dispersal, irrigation expansion, etc.
Enhancing people's coping strategies through promotion of disaster-resistant crops, improving community water supply, establishing support structures, etc.
Firming up social and organizational support structures in the community
Ensuring accessibility of health and medical services in the community
Advocacy and policy influence in disaster risk reduction and management
Emergency preparedness activities:
Community risk assessment
Community-based spot map
Emergency preparedness plan
Community-based action plan
Establishment of early warning system
Evacuation drills and exercises
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Importance of conducting a community risk assessment (CRA) for strategic disaster response
Developing a community-based spot map to understand the physical and geographical settings of the area
Steps in developing a spot map:
Grouping participants and assigning specific roles
Drawing the spot/base map with concrete information on the community
Identifying hazards in the area
Identifying elements-at-risk
Identifying safe areas and evacuation sites
Conducting community-watching/transect walk to validate the spot/base map
Importance of an emergency preparedness plan (EPP) in community disaster risk reduction
Parts of an EPP: disaster situation, objectives of EPP, concepts and policies in plan implementation
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First Part: Disaster Situation
Description of hazard which resulted in disaster
Possible effects
Identifying the needs of the community
Second Part: Objectives of EPP
Objectives in the formation of EPP
Third Part: Concepts and Policies in Plan Implementation
Listing Activities
Identifying the resources
People's Responsibilities
Presentation of rules and policies in EPP implementation
Guidelines for formulating the plan:
Identification of the needs of the affected community: pre-disaster, emergency phase, and post-disaster
Estimations in CDP, with prepared data and information as basis
Participation of the people in planning to ensure the plan is based on the real situation of the people and the community
Reviewing experiences in disaster response as a basis for planning
Identification/presentation of objectives of CDP and target number of people for disaster response
Objectives of CDP should be concise and consider the strengths and capacity of the community
Overall objective of CDP is to overcome adverse effects of disaster on people's lives
Importance of considering the different phases of disaster in setting objectives
Fundamental activities in EPP:
Identification of needs and resources for planning
Resources in the community for implementing the plan during disaster
Different levels of capacity response
Designation of responsibilities
Who is responsible for handling planned activities
Clear and acceptable responsibilities for those given the tasks
Clear relationships between different activities
Importance of having a clear structure of operation
Presentation of rules and guidelines in EPP implementation
Target beneficiaries
Priority beneficiaries and reasons
Coordination with other organizations
Regulations on culture, gender, resources, distribution of help, etc.
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RA10121 mandates communities to develop a CBDRRM plan
Steps in developing a community-based action plan:
Analysis of the Problem
Review present situation, issues, and problems
Identify root causes of issues and problems
Evaluate stakeholders' needs and problems
Planning for the Solutions
Draw desirable or ideal situation
Identify methods and strategies for enhancement/improvement of solutions
Identify alternative solutions if needed
Preparation for the Implementation of the Action Plan
Identify reliable/suitable person/team in charge of each problem or solution
Formulate proposed timetable
Identify hindrances to implementation
Identify necessary assistance (training/drill, awareness programs, materials)
Importance of disaster information system in community action planning and disaster management
Early Warning Systems (EWS) provide warning to people regarding destructive events
Seven elements necessary for effective warning system:
Knowledge of disaster confronting the community
Identification of disasters
Knowledge of pattern and policies in giving information on disaster entry
Acquisition of useful maps
Information dissemination system understood by the community
Warnings reaching affected communities
Warnings consisting of references and important information
Community-Based Early Warning System and Dissemination
Creating a Mechanism on Community Disaster Information Dissemination
Characteristics of a community warning system
People's capacity to respond depends on their preparedness and understanding of the danger they are facing
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Importance of giving people enough time to make necessary actions and preparations
Reliable source of information
Short but clear warnings
Explanation of technical issues to avoid panic
Committee responsible for giving warnings, monitoring disasters, and providing information to the people
Disaster drills or simulations to understand the warning system
Assessment and evaluation of warning system, disaster preparation, and response
Establishing a local warning system
Step 1: Discussion/brainstorming on hazards/dangers in the community
Identifying vulnerable individuals or groups
Measures to assess existing risks
Dissemination of information to the community or family
Tools or materials for dissemination
Step 2: Plan to develop/enhance the local early warning system
Types of signals (bell, siren, color-coded flag)
Installation location of the system
Evacuation Drills and Exercises
Importance of evacuation drills to practice training and knowledge
Emphasis on giving warnings, preparing the community, and evacuation in drills
Training of the Disaster Preparedness Committee (DPC) on managing a disaster-stricken community
Different types and approaches to community drills
Importance of training and drills
Measure efficiency and effectiveness of the CBDRRM Plan
Upgrade the plan based on actual situation and community capacity
Familiarize community members with their roles in response to disasters
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Various types of drills
Collection and delivery of emergency information
Countermeasure actions for damage mitigation
Evacuation drills
First aid and/or medical treatment drills
Rescue activities drills
Community-based kitchen drills
Different approaches to community drills
Comprehensive drills for all stakeholders
Simulation drills on desktop
Mini drills conducted with other community activities
Night drills
Drills in schools (in collaboration with authorized school officials)
Three steps in conducting a community drill: planning, actual drill, and evaluation
Planning session considerations
Type and approach of the drill
Individual and group actors
Convenient schedule for the community
Resources needed
Drill scenario
Advertisement/announcement of the drill
Tasking of duties and responsibilities
Involvement of relevant organizations
Structure of evaluation form
Importance of community participation and involvement of local officials in the drill
Trainings before the community drill
Flow of the community drill
Preparations at the DPC level
Actual drill as a training through scenario building
Evaluation of the community drill to improve the CBDRRM Plan
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Importance of reviewing newly acquired knowledge from the drill
Assessment and evaluation of the community drill
Gathering feedback from actors and observers
Facilitating active discussion or evaluation meeting among organizers
Improvement/enhancement of the CBDRRM Plan based on evaluation
Reviewing critical parts of the community drill
Occasional assessment of the community drill after implementation
Disaster Recovery
Post-disaster intervention
Restoring or improving living conditions of affected community
Includes rehabilitation and reconstruction
Rehabilitation
Interventions for a few weeks or months after the disaster
Objective is to boost or embolden the area to start functioning again
Examples: temporary housing, transferring injured to regular hospitals, psycho-social treatment
Reconstruction
Longer interventions to bring back an area to normal condition
Efforts to put things back in a more permanent and better version
Examples: establishment of flood reservoir, resettlement housing, infrastructure reconstruction
Psychosocial Treatment
Academic institutions offer mental health services to disaster victims
Encourage older adults to receive mental health services
Education to reduce stigma and increase acceptance of treatment
Reconstruction Intervention
Rebuilding flood-resistant human settlements
House reconstruction measures: raising foundations, using durable building materials, planting water-resistant plants, establishing community committees
Settlement Planning
Prohibiting resettlement in hazardous areas
Improving access to safe land
Designing drainage to minimize water flows
Establishing community emergency shelters and evacuation routes
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Rebuilding lives and livelihoods of affected families and communities
Post-disaster activities: small rehabilitation projects, seed distribution, animal distribution, repair of damaged houses, resettlement or relocation
Monitoring and Evaluation
Acquiring information for disaster management
Participatory monitoring and evaluation (PM&E) approach
Core principles of PM&E: active participation, capacity building, joint learning, commitment to corrective actions
Damage, Needs, and Capacity Assessment (DNCA)
Assessing the appropriateness and relevance of interventions
Provides information on people's situation and properties
Includes damages, response to disaster, support and services, other threats, and community needs
DNCA Form
Developed by the Center for Preparedness Foundation, Inc (DPFI)
Gathers information on organization, description of disaster, affected areas, population size, property damages, damages to livelihood and employment
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Number of families still in their houses
Number of families in temporary locations
Number of families in the evacuation center
Situation in the evacuation center
Organizations to which they belong
Name of organization, sector, number of members, number of affected members
Assistance received from other organizations/agencies
Name of organization, assistance received, date, amount
Adaptation Strategies and Needs of Affected Families
Adaptation strategies and means of survival of the affected families and communities
Needs of target beneficiaries
medical, water, food, clothing, shelter, others
Other information
Topography, ecology, etc.
Building Resilient Communities
Disaster readiness and risk reduction
Disaster preparedness and risk management
Pre-arranged emergency measures to minimize loss of life and property damage
Detailed planning and testing of speedy and well-organized responses
Necessary measures include public education, evacuation plans, medical aid, emergency food, and shelter
Risk management
Decrease threats to life and property generated by known hazards
Goal is to optimize safety, including economics, legal standards, and technology
Managed by various institutions using regulatory instruments
Requires strong political will
Community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction Management Approach
In building resilient communities
Involves local communities in reducing risks
Elements of CBDRRM:
Initiating the process and establishing rapport
Community risk assessment (hazard, vulnerability, and capacity)
Participatory community disaster risk reduction and management plan
Formation and strengthening of community organization
Community-managed implementation of disaster risk reduction plan
Participatory monitoring and evaluation
Progressing towards safer, adaptive, and resilient communities
Reference: Lanada, M.I.B., Melegrito, M.L.F., & Mendoza, D.J. (2016). Building resilient communities: Disaster readiness and risk reduction. Phoenix Publishing House SH1639 08 Handout 3 *Property of STI student.feedback@sti.edu Page 3