History of Nursing & Nursing Education NRSG 201

History of Nursing & Nursing Education

Agenda Overview

• Asynchronous Learning
• Nursing Education
• History of Nursing
• Modern Day Nursing

Historical Moments in Canadian Nursing (Pre-Florence Nightingale - 1600s Onwards)

Indigenous Caregivers ($1600$s & Earlier)

• Indigenous Healers & Midwives provided care.
• Often omitted from historical records due to lacking formal professional education and training.

Catholic Nursing Tradition ($1600$s)

• Catholic nursing sisters established and operated hospitals.
• These institutions were founded by Nuns as charitable organizations within Quebec's hospital system.

First Nurses & Hospitals in New France ($1600$s)

• $1617$: Marie Rollet Hébert is recognized as one of the first nurses.
• $1629$: A "Sick Bay" staffed by male attendants was established.
• $1639$: Hôtel-Dieu de Québec City was founded, marking a significant step in formal healthcare provision.

Catholic Hospital Expansion ($1600$s Onwards)

• Continued growth and establishment of hospitals by Catholic nursing orders.

Historical Moments in Canadian Nursing ($1800$s)

Florence Nightingale & Nursing Reform ($1800$s)

• Founder of modern nursing.
• Instrumental in improving standards of nursing care.
• Initiated a systematic approach to nurse training.
• $1860$: Established St. Thomas's Hospital in London, a pioneering nursing school.

Training Schools (Mid-$1800$s)

• The first Canadian training school was established in St. Catharines, ON, in $1874$.

Mary Seacole ($1800$s)

• Possessed extensive knowledge of traditional herbal remedies.
• Attempted to join Florence Nightingale's group of nurses going to Crimea but was refused.
• Independently set up her own establishment to care for officers during the Crimean War.

Colonial Healthcare ($1800$s)

• Christian orders became involved in delivering healthcare to Indigenous peoples, employing "western-style" treatments.
• $1890$s - $1945$: Medical services under Indian Affairs were run by the church and state, and were kept separate from healthcare provided to non-Indigenous populations.

The Emergence of Modern Nursing

Remote Nursing

• A unique and enduring aspect of Canadian nursing.
• Healthcare needs of individuals in remote areas historically, and still today, heavily rely on nurses.
• Remote areas often lack physicians, leading nurses to operate outpost nursing stations.
• Responsibilities include: public health services, emergency medical response, medication administration, midwifery, first aid.
• Modern remote nurses also perform advanced procedures such as suturing, administering anesthesia, taking x-rays, and diagnosing illnesses.

Missionary Nursing

• Late $1800$s: Canadian missionary nurses played a crucial role in establishing hospitals and training schools in China.
• Canadian nurses maintained an interest in international work and collaborated with global organizations.
• WHO (World Health Organization): Established in $1948$, its primary objective is to achieve the highest possible level of health for all peoples.

Important Historical Moments in Canadian Nursing Education

Training Schools

• $1874$: First training school in Canada (St. Catharines, ON).
• $1884$: Mary Agnes Snively at Toronto General Hospital introduced a $3$-year program that combined practical nursing and teaching.
• By $1930$: There were $212$ nursing training schools across Canada.

University Programs (Early Developments: $1919$ - $1930$s)

• $1919$: University of British Columbia launched the first university nursing program.
• $1920$s - $1930$s: Development of $5$-year non-integrated degree programs.
• $1932$: The Weir Report delivered recommendations that significantly influenced nursing education reform.

University Programs (Mid-$20$th Century to Present)

• $1959$: University of Western Ontario launched the first Master's degree program in nursing.
• $1960$s: A significant movement emerged to separate nursing education programs from direct hospital authority, advocating for university settings.
• $1967$: First program for Nurse Practitioners introduced.
• $1982$: The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) passed a resolution requiring a degree as an entry-to-practice requirement for nurses.
• $1991$: University of Alberta initiated the first doctoral nursing program.
• $2000$ - $2010$: Degree as an entry-to-practice requirement became mandatory in every Canadian province and territory, with the exception of Quebec.
• $2021$: University of Toronto introduced a Doctor of Nursing (DN) program.

Modern Nursing Education

Canadian Association of Schools of Nursing (CASN)

• CASN is a key organization that maintains and monitors the quality of nursing education.
• National Nursing Education Framework: A consensus-based framework that outlines expectations for baccalaureate, master's, and doctoral programs in nursing education.
• Ensures nursing programs meet appropriate quality standards and adapt to changes in healthcare.
• Website: https://www.casn.ca/

National Council Licensure Examination (NCLEX)

• A mandatory examination required for licensure for nurses in both Canada and the United States.
• Website: https://www.nclex.com/index.page

Nursing Identity Assignment

• Students are advised to review the assignment description and marking rubric available on D2L.
• A Nursing Identity Assignment FAQ document is also posted on D2L.
• Questions regarding the assignment should be posted on the D2L discussion board.
• Extensions for late submissions must be requested by emailing both Jenny Langille and Diana Snell at least $24$ hours before the assignment's due date; otherwise, late penalties apply.