DIRECT SPEECH/ QUOTED SPEECH:

Repeats the exact words of the speaker

Makes use of quotation marks

Has 2 parts: reporting speech and reported speech

When transforming it into indirect speech, the meaning must not change, and use different verbs

INDIRECT SPEECH/REPORTED SPEECH:

Reports the words of another speaker

doesn’t use quotation marks

doesn’t necessarily use the same words as the speaker

doesn’t have reporting or reported speech but still has reporting and reported verbs

DIRECT TO INDIRECT:

1. state speaker

2. the correct pronoun used in the reported clause

3. change tenses

1. No change in other verbs

D= He says, “I live near the hospital”.

I= He says that he lives near the hospital.

2. First-person pronouns are always changed according to the subject

D= Myra said, “I will call Candice”.

I= Myra said she will call Candice.

3. Second-person pronouns are always changed according to the subject

D= Myra said, “You will call Candice”.

I= Myra said I will call Candice.

4. Third-person pronouns are always changed according to the subject

D= Myra said, “He would call Candice”.

I= Myra said he would call Candice.

4. Past tense (reporting)

D= He said, “I live near the hospital”.

I= He said that he lived near the hospital

D= He said, “I am going out”.

I= He said that he was going out.

D= He said, “I have been studying a lot”.

I= He said that he had been studying a lot.

D= He said, “I arrived early”.

I= He said that he had arrived early.

D= He said, “I was jogging nearby”.

I= He said that he had been jogging nearby.

D= He said, “I will arrive early”.

I= He said that he had arrived early.

D= He said, “I will arrive early”.

I= He said that he would arrive early.

D= He said, “I can swim”,

I= He said that he could swim.

D= He said, “I must go immediately”.

I= He said that he had to go immediately.

D= He said, “I may leave soon”.

I= He said that he might leave soon.

D= He said, “I shall walk her home”.

I= He said that he should walk her home.

6. General Truths

D= He said, “All creatures die”.

I= He said that all creatures die.

7. Permanent Condition

D= He said, “It is cold in the winter”.

I= He said that it is cold in the winter.

8. Habitual action

D= Brianna said, “I eat 3 times a day”.

I= Brianna said that she eats 3 times a day.

INDIRECT QUESTIONS:

A question in direct speech becomes a statement in indirect speech.

1. Introduce indirect questions with “asked, questioned, or wanted to know”

D= Ollie said, “When is Marrie going away?”

I= Ollie asked when Marrie was going away.

2. Use the normal word order of a statement

D= Ollie said, “When is Marrie going away?”

I= Ollie asked when was Marrie going away.

3. Use if or whether instead of that for yes-no questions.

D= “Do they live here?”, Mark asked.

I= Mark asked if they lived there./ Mark asked whether they lived here.

4. W-H questions use the same interrogative word

5. Changes in verb tense still apply

IMPERATIVE SENTENCES:

Give order or command may be advice, appeal, or request.

1. The reporting verb is changed to order if the reported speech is a command.

D= The teacher said to me, to “turn off the lights”.

I= The teacher ordered me to turn off the lights.

2. Request

D= The teacher said to me, “Please turn off the lights”.

I= The teacher requested me to turn off the lights.

3. Advice

D= The teacher said to me, “You should work harder”.

I= The teacher advised me to work harder.

4. Forbade

D= The teacher said to me, “Don’t use your phone”.

I= The teacher forbade me to use my phone.

EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES:

Expresses feeling and emotion

If there are interjections (Hurray Aha, Allas, etc.) in the reported speech they are not included along with the exclamation point.

• Exclaimed with joy or joyfully (Horray)

• Exclaimed with sorrow or sorrowfully (Alas)

• Exclaimed with great wonder or sorrow

1. Horray

D= He said, “Horray! I have won the match”.

I= He exclaimed joyfully that he had one the match.

2. Alas

D= She said, “Alas! I failed the test”.

I= She exclaimed with sorrow that she had failed the test.

What or how at the beginning of the reported speech, replace with very or great

D= He said, “How lucky I am to have her”.

I= He exclaimed in wonder that he was very lucky to have her.

IMPORTANT WORD CHANGES:

Aside from changing verb tenses in transforming direct to indirect, we also need to change some words.

1. This - That

D= He said, “I want to buy this book”.

I= He said that he wanted to buy that book.

2. These - Those

D= He said, “I want to buy these books”.

I- He said that he wanted to buy those books.

3. Here - There

D= He said, “I left the files here”.

I= He said that he left the files there.

4. Now - Then

D= He said, “She is with me now”.

I= He said that she was with him then.

5. Today - That day

D= He said, “I am leaving today”.

I= He said that he was leaving that day,

6. Yesterday - The previous day

D= He said, “I visited her yesterday”.

I= He said that he visited her the previous day.

7. Tomorrow - The next/ following day

D= He said, “She will return tomorrow”.

I= He said that she would return the next day.

8. Ago - Before

D= He said, “I saw her a week ago”.

I= He said that he had seen her a week before.

9. Last week/month/year - The previous week/ month/ year

D=He said, “We broke up last month”.

I= He said that they had broken up the previous month.

PERSUASIVE TEXT:

Aims to convince people to accept an opinion or to take a certain course of action about something.

Examples: Editorials, Advertisements, Speeches that move people to action

It presents and defends a side

It uses examples or pieces of evidence to support their stance

Logically arranged from start to finish.

PERSUASIVE WRITING:

May include the opposing point but is quickly dismissed

It tries to get a reader to agree with the author and their point of view on a particular topic.

A technique of persuasive writing is to blend facts and emotions in an attempt to convince the reader that the writer is “right”

1. Identify a topic and your side

2. Viewpoint: Has a single-minded goal (one-sided) and based on personal conviction (opinion)

3. Audience: Needs an intended audience, knowing what they think and believe, the writer “attacks” attempting to persuade them to his side.

4. Tone: Consider different emotional tactics that will resonate best with the audience.

5. Attitude: “go after” readers more aggressively

Topic sentence/ Thesis statement must be clear, direct, debatable, and worthwhile.

Supporting information must have strong evidence such as examples, statistics, and authority.

PERSUASIVE APPEALS:

1. Logical (Logos): Common sense and logic (use facts and statistics)

2. Emotional (Pathos): Emotions or state of mind

3. Ethical (Ethos): Credibility, knowledgable, trustworthy.

   • Good sense: Good understanding of the topic

   • Goodwill: On the audience’s side

   • Good character: A good person

UNDERSTANDING VOICE DYNAMICS:

How we speak matters, words matter, but delivery is equally important.

PROSODIC FEATURES OR SUPRASEGMENTAL:

Speech features such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels could help in the effective delivery of ideas.

Express attitudinal tones that convey meaning.

Refects the features of the speaker or the utterance.

• Emotional state

• Form of utterance

• Irony, sarcasm, contrast, emphasis

1. Intonation

   Rise and fall of the voice in the speech

   Usually falls at the end of sentences

   Different sentences use different intonations

• Rising-falling intonations: Statement, Commands, Request, W-H questions

• Rising intonation: Yes- No Questions

2. Pitch

   Highness or lowness of sound

   Communicates meaning and affects understanding

• High pitch level: Strong feelings

• Low pitch level: Ordinary and depressed feeling or sarcastic intention

• Unstressed words and syllables: Normal pitch

• Stressed syllables: High pitch

• Ending sentences: Low pitch

3. Stress

   Force a speaker gives to a syllable or word

4. Juncture/ Pause

   Marked by a (/)

   Could be a half pause (/); long pause (//) ; or a fulls top (///)

   Shift in juncture can change meaning

   Builds excitement or drama

   Shows hesitation

   Separate ideas in sentences

   Searching for the right word

SPEECH:

A talk delivered before a group of people or an audience

Expresses a series of connected thoughts or ideas.

1. The speaker has background knowledge

2. The speaker has a thesis statement

3. There is a pattern of development (comparison- contrast, cause and effect, etc.)

4. Speaker’s attitude towards the subject

5. Speaker’s purpose

FACTORS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING

1. Platform behavior

   Anything the speaker does on stage must have a purpose

   Mannerisms and repeating words like so and yeah must be avoided

2. Posture and facial expressions

   The face should reflect the ideas being said

   Balance the body, relax the shoulders, extend the arms

3. Appearance

   Contributes to the credibility of the speaker

   Hair and make-up must be neat and not too much

4. Audibility

   The voice should be loud enough to get and maintain the attention of the audience

   Do not exert too much effort on your throat, it can lead to voice cracks

5. Clarity

   Speak slowly so the audience can understand the words that are being said

   Enunciate the words more clearly than in ordinary conversations

6. Pronunciation

   This will help the audience understand what the speaker is saying

   Practice beforehand and consult a dictionary if needed

7. Grammar

   Improve structure and construction of sentences

   Mistakes can be disconnecting for the audiences

METHODS OF SPEECH DELIVERY:

1. Impromptu: Short and given without prior notice, helps improve skills such as organization of thoughts on the spot

2. Extemporaneous: Given time to prepare and is allowed to use index cards or keynotes

3. Memorized: States verbatim from a memorized manuscript, which can cause memory-block

4. Manuscript: Reads the speech word-for-word