APHG Vocabulary

Geography – Nature & Perspectives

• Sequent Occupance:
  • Successive societies leave cultural imprints, contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.
  • Highlights the interaction between humans and their environment.
• Cultural Landscape:
  • The modification of a natural landscape by a cultural group.
  • Represents human interaction with nature.
• Arithmetic Density:
  • Total population divided by total land area.
  • $Arithmetic\ Density = \frac{Total\ Population}{Total\ Land\ Area}$
  • Commonly understood as the number of people per unit area.
• Physiological Density:
  • Number of people per unit area of arable land.
  • $Physiological\ Density = \frac{Total\ Population}{Arable\ Land\ Area}$
  • Reflects the relationship between population size and the availability of agricultural land.
• Hearth:
  • Region of origin for innovative ideas.
  • Related to the diffusion of ideas from one area to another.
• Diffusion:
  • The spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.
• Relocation Diffusion:
  • The spread of an idea through the physical movement of people.
  • Example: The spread of AIDS from New York, California, and Florida.
• Expansion Diffusion:
  • The spread of a feature in a snowballing process.
  • Three types:
    • Hierarchical Diffusion: Spread from authority figures or powerful entities to other people or places.
      • Example: Hip-hop/rap music.
    • Contagious Diffusion: Rapid, widespread diffusion throughout the population.
      • Example: Ideas spread on the internet.
    • Stimulus Diffusion: Spread of an underlying principle, even if the characteristic itself does not diffuse.
      • Example: PC & Apple competition.
• Absolute Distance:
  • Exact measurement of physical space between two places.
• Relative Distance:
  • Approximate measurement of physical space between two places.
• Distribution:
  • The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.
• Environmental Determinism:
  • 19th and early 20th-century approach arguing that human geography laws could be found in physical sciences.
  • Geography as the study of how the physical environment caused human activities.
• Absolute Location:
  • Position on Earth’s surface using longitude and latitude coordinates.
• Relative Location:
  • Position on Earth’s surface relative to other features.
  • Example: Locating a house west of a known landmark.
• Site:
  • The physical character of a place.
  • Includes what is found at a location and its significance.
• Situation:
  • The location of a place relative to other places.

Space-Time Compression, Friction of Distance, Distance Decay, Networks, Connectivity, Accessibility, Space

• Space-Time Compression:
  • Reduction in the time it takes for something to diffuse to a distant place due to improved communications and transportation.
• Friction of Distance:
  • Distance requires effort, money, and energy to overcome.
  • Spatial interactions occur more often over shorter distances; interaction decreases with distance.
• Distance Decay:
  • Diminishing importance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.
  • Interaction likelihood decreases as distance increases.
  • Electronic devices reduce barriers to interaction over distance.
• Networks:
  • Defined by Manuel Castells as interconnected nodes without a center.
• Connectivity:
  • Relationships among people and objects across space.
  • Focuses on the means by which connections occur.
• Accessibility:
  • Ease with which a location can be reached from other locations.
  • Varies from place to place and can be measured.
• Space:
  • The physical gap or interval between two objects.
• Spatial Distribution:
  • Physical location of geographic phenomena across space.
• Size:
  • Estimation or determination of extent.
• Scale:
  • Representation of real-world phenomena at a certain level of reduction or generalization.
  • In cartography, it's the ratio of map distance to ground distance.
• Formal Region:
  • (Uniform or homogenous region)
  • Area where everyone shares common characteristics (e.g., language, climate).
• Functional Region:
  • (Nodal region)
  • Area organized around a node or focal point.
  • Characterized by a central focus that diminishes in importance outwards.
  • Connected by transportation, communication, or economic associations.
• Vernacular Region:
  • (Perceptual Region)
  • Place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
  • Based on informal sense of place rather than scientific models; often identified using a mental map.
• Possibilism:
  • The environment limits some actions, but people can adjust to their environment.
• Natural Landscape:
  • (xxx) - Note: This was not defined in the text.
• Pattern:
  • Geometric arrangement of objects in space.
  • Features can be organized geometrically or distributed irregularly.
  • Linear distribution is common (e.g., houses along a street).
• Place Name:
  • Toponym: the name given to a place on Earth.

Population – Migration & Dispersion

• Age Distribution:
  • (Population pyramid) - Two back-to-back bar graphs showing males and females in five-year age groups.
  • Reveals important characteristics of a country (e.g., guest worker population, war, deadly disease).
• Carry Capacity:
  • The population level that can be supported given available resources (food, habitat, water, infrastructure).
  • Indicates how many people an area can support.
• Cohort:
  • Population of various age categories in age-sex population pyramids.
  • Indicates a country's stage in the demographic transition model.
• Demographic Equation:
  • Formula to calculate population change.
  • $Population\ Change = (Births - Deaths) + (In-migration - Out-migration)$
  • Helps determine a country's stage in the demographic transition model.
• Demographic Momentum:
  • The tendency for a growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline due to a young age distribution.
  • Leads a country to a different stage in the demographic transition model.
• Demographic Regions:
  • Examples: Cape Verde (Stage 2 - High Growth), Chile (Stage 3 - Moderate Growth), and Denmark (Stage 4 - Low Growth).
  • Shows how different world regions are at different stages of demographic transition.
• Demographic Transition Model:
  • Five stages: Stage 1 (Low Growth), Stage 2 (High Growth), Stage 3 (Moderate Growth), Stage 4 (Low Growth), and Stage 5 (possible decline).
  • Represents the transformation of a country from less to more developed.
• Dependency Ratio:
  • Number of people too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
  • Indicates how many people each worker supports.
  • $Dependency\ Ratio = \frac{(\%\ Population\ under\ 15) + (\%\ Population\ over\ 65)}{\%\ Population\ between\ 15\ and\ 65}$
• Diffusion of Fertility Control:
  • Spread of fertility control varies worldwide.
  • Examples: U.S. (below 2.1), Africa (above 4), South America (2-3), Europe (below 2.1), China and Russia (below 2.1), Middle East (above 4).
  • Indicates where populations are growing rapidly or leveling off.
• Disease Diffusion:
  • Two types: contagious and hierarchical.
  • Hierarchical: Spreads from urban to rural areas along high-density areas.
  • Contagious: Spreads through the density of people.
  • Important for predicting how diseases will spread.
• Doubling Time:
  • Number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
  • $Doubling\ Time = \frac{70}{Growth\ Rate}$
  • Helps project population increase over time.
• Ecumene:
  • The proportion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
  • Indicates how much land has been built upon and how much is left for development.
• Epidemiological Transition Model:
  • Distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
  • Explains how a country's population changes dramatically.
• Gendered Space:
  • (Not defined in the provided text, implying further explanation needed.)
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR):
  • Annual number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births.
  • Indicates a country's level of development (high IMR = LDC, low IMR = MDC).

J-Curve, Maladaptation, Malthus, Mortality, Natality, Neo-Malthusian

• J-curve:
  • Projection of exponential population growth; sometimes shaped as a j-curve.
  • Exponential population growth leads to exponential resource use and greater demand for food.
• Maladaptation:
  • An adaptation that has become less helpful than harmful.
  • Becomes a problem or hindrance as time goes on.
• Malthus, Thomas:
  • Argued that the world's population increase was outpacing food production.
  • Raised the concern that population growth could outstrip resources.
• Mortality:
  • Measured by infant mortality rate (IMR) and life expectancy.
  • IMR reflects a country's health care system; life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live.
  • Mortality rates can determine important features about a country.
• Natality:
  • (Crude Birth Rate) - Ratio of live births in an area to the population of that area; expressed as the number of births per 1,000 people in a year.
  • Indicates the rate at which a country is having babies and how fast the population can be expected to grow.
• Neo-Malthusian:
  • Theory that builds upon Malthus’s thoughts on overpopulation.
  • Considers population growth in LDCs and the outstripping of resources other than food.
  • Recognizes that population growth in LDCs is from medical advancements without wealth to provide food and resources.
• Overpopulation:
  • Relationship between the number of people on Earth and the availability of resources.
  • Problems arise when an area’s population exceeds the environment's capacity to support them at an acceptable standard of living.
• Population Densities:
  • Frequency with which something occurs in space is density.
    • Arithmetic density: Total number of objects in an area; used to compare population distribution in different countries.
    • Physiological density: Number of persons per unit area suitable for agriculture; indicates difficulty growing enough food.
    • Agricultural density: The number of farmers per unit area of farmland; indicates agricultural efficiency.
• Population Distributions:
  • Arrangement of a feature in space.
  • Three main properties: density, concentration, and pattern.
  • Used to describe how things and people are distributed across the earth.
• Population Explosion:
  • A sudden increase or burst in population in a geographical area or worldwide.
  • Occurred in the late 18th and early 19th centuries because countries moved to stage 2 of the Demographic Transition Model (DTM).
• Population Projection:
  • Predicts the future population of an area or the world.
  • Helps predict future problems with population (e.g., overpopulation or underpopulation of a certain race or ethnicity).
• Population Pyramid:
  • Population displayed by age and gender on a bar graph.
  • Shape is determined primarily by crude birth rate; shows age distribution and sex ratio.
• Rate of Natural Increase:
  • Percentage by which a population grows in a year.
  • $NIR = CBR - CDR$
  • Excludes migration; affects the population and a country’s ability to support that population.
• S-Curve:
  • Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph; named for its shape as the letter "S".
  • Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase.
• Sex Ratio:
  • The number of males per hundred females in the population.
  • Depends on birth and death rates, immigration.
  • Men have higher death rates but also higher birth rates; immigration usually means more males.
• Standard of Living:
  • Refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population.
  • Higher standards of living are found in MDCs rather than LDCs; can help trace development.
• Sustainability:
  • Providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future.
  • Relates to development that meets today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Underpopulation:
  • Opposition to overpopulation; refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region’s population.
  • Relates not to resources but to having enough people to support the local economic system; if there are not enough taxpayers, the area cannot continue.
• Zero Population Growth:
  • When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero.
  • Often applied to countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition model.
• Activity Space:
  • Space allotted for a certain industry or activity.
  • Can apply to an area within a city or surrounding a central place.
• Chain Migration:
  • When one family member migrates to a new country and the rest of the family follows shortly after.
  • Mostly seen from Mexico to the United States when guest workers set up homes and make money for their family to follow them.

Cyclic Movement, Distance Decay, Forced Migration, Gravity Model, Internal Migration

• Cyclic Movement:
  • Trends in migration and other processes that have a clear cycle.
• Distance Decay:
  • When contact between two groups diminishes because of the distance between them.
• Forced Migration:
  • People removed from their countries and forced to live in other countries because of war, natural disaster, and government.
• Gravity Model:
  • Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it.
• Internal Migration:
  • Permanent movement within a particular country.
• Intervening Opportunity:
  • An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.
• Migration Patterns:
  • Intercontinental: Permanent movement from one country to a different country on the same continent.
  • Interregional: Permanent movement from one region of the country to another.
  • Rural-Urban: Permanent movement from suburbs and rural area to the urban city area.
• Migratory Movement:
  • Periodic Movement
• Personal Space:
  • (No definition provided, implying further information to be added.)
• Place Utility:
  • (No definition provided, implying further information to be added.)
• Push-Pull Factors:
  • Factors that induce people to leave old residence and move to new locations.
• Refugee:
  • People forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in social group, or political opinion.
• Space-Time Prism:
  • (No definition provided, implying further information to be added.)
• Step Migration:
  • (No definition provided, implying further information to be added.)
• Transhumance:
  • Seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pasture areas.
• Transmigration:
  • Voluntary

Cultural Patterns & Processes

• Acculturation:
  • Process of adopting only certain customs that will be to their advantage.
• Assimilation:
  • Process of less dominant cultures losing their culture to a more dominant culture.
• Cultural Adaptation:
  • (No definition provided, implying need for additional details.)
• Cultural Core/Periphery Pattern:
  • The core houses main economic power of region, and the outlying region or periphery houses lesser economic ties.
• Cultural Ecology:
  • The geographic study of human environmental relationships.
• Cultural Identity:
  • One's belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect.
• Cultural Landscape:
  • The visible imprint of human activity on the landscape.
• Cultural Realm:
  • (No definition provided, implying need for additional details.)
• Culture:
  • The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group of people’s distinct tradition.
• Culture Region:
  • Formal (Uniform): An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
    • Core - Center of economic activity
    • Periphery - Outlying region of economic activity
  • Functional (Nodal): Region organized at a node or focal point.
  • Vernacular (Perceptual-Regional Self-Awareness): A place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
• Diffusion Types:
  • Expansion: The spread of one feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
  • Hierarchical: The spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.
  • Contagious: The rapid widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
  • Stimulus: The spread of an underlying principle when the characteristic fails to diffuse.
  • Relocation: The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.
• Innovation Adoption:
  • Study of how, why, and at what rate new technology spreads throughout a culture.
• Maladaptive Diffusion:
  • Diffusion of a process with negative side effects or what works well in one region may not in another.
• Sequence Occupancy:
  • Refers to cultural succession and its lasting imprint proposed by Derwent Whittlesey.
• Religion:
  • Faithfulness to codified beliefs and rituals that generally involve a faith in a spiritual nature.
• Animism:
  • Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and life.
• Buddhism:
  • The third of the world’s major universalizing religions. It has 365 million adherents especially in China and Southeast Asia.
• Cargo Cult Pilgrimage:
  • Cargo Cult’s believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits.
  • It takes place in Melanesia.
• Christianity:
  • Monotheistic religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth as presented in the New Testament.
• Confucianism:
  • Developed by earlier Chinese man Confucius, it’s a complex system of moral, social, political, and religious thought.
• Ethnic Religion:
  • A religion with a rather concentrated distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location where its adherents are located.
• Exclave/Enclave:
  • An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country; an exclave is one which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory.
• Fundamentalism:
  • Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion.
• Geomancy:
  • A method of prediction that interprets markings on the ground, or how handfuls of dirt land when someone tosses them.
• Hajj:
  • The pilgrimage to Mecca for Islam followers. It’s the fifth of the five pillars.
• Hinduism:
  • Created in India, approximately one billion followers. Unlike other religions, heaven isn’t always the ultimate goal in life. Third largest in world behind Christianity and Islam.
• Interfaith Boundaries:
  • The boundaries between the world's major faiths, such as Christianity, Muslim, and Buddhism. This isn’t the same as Intrafaith boundaries which describes the boundaries within a major religion.
• Islam:
  • It means the submission to the will of god. Its a monotheistic religion originating with the teachings of Muhammad, a key religious figure. It is the second largest religion in the world.
• Jainism:
  • Religion and philosophy originating in ancient India. Stresses spiritual independence and equality throughout all life.
• Judaism:
  • It is the religion of ancient Hebrews, said to be one of the first monotheistic faiths.
• Landscapes of the Dead:
  • The certain areas where people have commonly been buried.
• Monotheism/Polytheism:
  • Monotheism this is the belief in one god and polytheism is the belief in many gods.
• Mormonism:
  • A term used to describe religious, ideological, and cultural aspects of the various denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement.
• Muslim Pilgrimage:
  • If physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah. (Mecca) They usually make the trip around Ramadan. This pilgrimage is also referred to as Hajj.
• Muslim Population:
  • It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world’s Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India.
• Proselytic Religion:
  • Referred to as a Universalizing Religion, which is an attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location. There are three religions that practice this they are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. To proselytize is to try to convert another person to your religion.
• Reincarnation:
  • The idea of reincarnation is that after this life you will come back in another life either as a plant, animal, or a human life. So basically what you do in this life will affect what your next life is like. This is commonly practiced by the Buddhists and the Hindus.
• Religion (groups, places):
  • One group is universalizing religions. These are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism. All of these have different branches. There’s also ethnic religions, such as, Hinduism, Daoism, and Confucianism.
• Religious Architectural Styles:
  • These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues.
• Religious Conflict:
  • This is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades.
• Religious Culture Hearth:
  • This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too.
• Religious Toponym:
  • This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions.
• Sacred Space:
  • Sacred space is the place where religious figures and congregations meet to perform religious ceremonies.
• Secularism:
  • This is the belief that humans should be based on facts and not religious beliefs.
• Shamanism:
  • This is the range of traditional beliefs and practices that claim the ability to cure, heal, and cause pain to people.
• Sharia Law:
  • It is the legal framework within which public and some private aspects of life are regulated for those living in a legal system based on Muslim principles.
• Shintoism:
  • Said to be the way of god. It is the native religion of Japan and was once its state religion. It involves the worship of kami (a god).
• Sikhism:
  • Is a religion that began in sixteenth century Northern India . The principal belief in Sikhism is faith in Vāhigurū. Emphasizes faith in god.

Political Organization of Space

• Annexation:
  • Incorporation of a territory into another geo-political entity.
• Antarctica:
  • Southernmost continent in the world. It has no permanent residents and doesn't belong to any country.
• Apartheid:
  • Afrikaans for apartness, it was the segregation of blacks in South Africa from 1948 to 1994. It was created to keep the white minority in power and allow them to have almost total control over the black majority.
• Balkanization:
  • The political term used when referring to the fragmentation or breakup of a region or country into smaller regions or countries. The term comes from the Balkan wars, where the country of Yugoslavia was broken up in to six countries between 1989 and 1992. It was the effect of the Balkan wars.
• Border Landscape:
  • Exclusionary and Inclusionary:
    • Exclusionary is meant to keep people out, such as the border between the U.S. and Mexico.
    • Inclusionary is meant to facilitate trade and movement, such as the U.S.-Canada border.
• Boundary Disputes:
  • Conflicts over the location, size, and extent of borders between nations. There is conflict over where exactly the border is between the U.S. and Mexico, especially along the Rio Grande because the river has changed course and moved, and it is the traditional border.
• Boundary Origin:
  • Boundaries often originated from old tribal lands and lands won in war. They were meant to establish claims to land and were often smaller historically.
• Boundary Process:
  • The process of creating boundaries.
• Boundary Type:
  • Many boundaries are natural boundaries, formed by rivers, mountains, etc. There are also political boundaries. These are often formed through war and compromise in treaties and agreements. In countries often form cultural boundaries that used to belong to a groups cultural homeland. However, countries in Africa, the Middle East and elsewhere aren't arranged by culture but politics, and Western countries turned their former colonies into nations without respect for culture.
• Buffer State:
  • A country lying between two more powerful countries that are hostile to each other. An example is Mongolia, which serves as a buffer between Russia and China.
• Capital:
  • Principle city in a state or country. The best place to locate a capital is at the center of a country, so it is a somewhat equal distance from all parts of the country.
• Centrifugal:
  • Religious, political, economic, conflict, etc. that causes disunity in a state.
• Centripetal:
  • An attitude that unifies people and enhances support for the state.
• City-State:
  • A region controlled by a city and that has sovereignty. They were more common in the middle ages and Renaissance in Europe.
• Colonialism:
  • The attempt by a country to establish settlements and impose political and economic control and principles. It was a big thing in the 17th through 20th century for countries in Europe to take areas around the world and make them into colonies.
• Confederation:
  • Association of sovereign states by a treaty or agreement. It deals with issues such as defense, foreign affairs, trade, and a common currency.
• Conference of Berlin:
  • Regulated trade and colonization in Africa. It formalized the scramble to gain colonies in Africa and set up boundaries for each country’s colonies.

Core/Periphery, Decolonization, Devolution, Domino Theory, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)

• Core/Periphery:
  • Core countries have high levels of development, a capacity at innovation, and a convergence of trade flows.
  • Periphery countries usually have less development and are poorer countries.
• Decolonization:
  • Decolonization is the movement of American/European colonies gaining independence. Some were peaceful struggles while others became violent.
• Devolution:
  • Devolution is both the decentralization of a government from a unitary to a federal system or a fracturing of a government like Balkanization.
• Domino Theory:
  • Domino theory is the idea that if one land in a region came under the influence of Communists, then more would follow in a domino effect. The domino theory was used by successive United States administrations during the Cold War to justify American intervention around the world.
• Exclusive Economic Zone:
  • An Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) is a sea zone over which a state has special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources. The country that controls the EEZ has rights to the fishing, whaling, etc., as well as the raw material resources.
• Electoral Regions:
  • Electoral regions are the different voting districts that make up local, state, and national regions.
• Enclave/Exclave:
  • An enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country (Lesotho). An exclave is a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding alien territory (Azerbaijan).
• Ethnic Conflict:
  • An ethnic conflict is a war between ethnic groups often as a result of ethnic nationalism or fight over natural resources. Ethnic conflict often includes genocide. It can also be caused by boundary disputes.
• European Union:
  • The European Union (EU) is a supranational and intergovernmental union of 27 democratic member states of Europe. The EU's activities cover most areas of public policy, from economic policy to foreign affairs, defense, agriculture and trade. The European Union is the largest political and economic entity on the European continent, with around 500 million people and an estimated GDP of US$13.4 trillion.
• Federal:
  • Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group or body of members are bound together with a governing representative head. Federalism is the system in which the power to govern is shared between the national & state governments.
• Forward Capital:
  • A forward capital is a symbolically relocated capital city usually because of either economic or strategic reasons. A forward capital is sometimes used to integrate outlying parts of a country into the state. An example would be Brasília.
• Frontier:
  • A frontier is a zone where no state exercises complete political control. It is usually uninhabited or sparsely inhabited. It separates countries where a boundary cannot be found. A current example can be found between Saudi Arabia and Yemen.
• Geopolitics:
  • Geopolitics is the study that analyzes geography, history and social science with reference to international politics. It examines the political and strategic significance of geography, where geography is defined in terms of the location, size, and resources of places.
• Gerrymander:
  • Gerrymandering is the process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the political party in power. The process is usually used to turn “too close to call” states into a party’s favor.
• Global Commons:
  • Global commons is that which no one person or state may own or control and which is central to life. A global common contains an infinite potential with regard to the understanding and advancement of the biology and society of all life. (Forests, oceans, land mass and cultural identity)
• Heartland/Rimland:
  • Heartland is the central region of a country or continent; especially a region that is important to a country or to a culture.
  • Rimland is the maritime fringe of a country or continent.

Immigrant State

• Immigrant State:
  • An immigrant state is a type of receiving state which is the target of many immigrants. Immigrant states are popular because of their economy, political freedom, and opportunity.

Agricultural & Rural Land Use

• Adaptive Strategies:
  • (No definition provided, implying need for additional details.)
• Agrarian:
  • People or societies that are farmers therefore promote agricultural interest ext.
  • Where agrarian people and societies are located is not generally near cities ext. but these types of people are essential to the way that we live and our ability to live in cities.
• Agribusiness:
  • Commercial agriculture characterized by integration of different steps in the food-processing industry, usually through ownership by large corporations.
  • It influences how things are grown and what people eat
• Agricultural Industrialization:
  • The use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors ext.
  • Makes it a lot faster for farmers to yield crop
• Agricultural Landscape:
  • The land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.
  • Effects how much yield one gets from their plants.
• Agricultural Location Model:
  • (No definition provided, implying need for additional details.)
• Agricultural Origins:
  • Through time nomadic people noticed the growing of plants in a cycle and began to domesticate them and use for there own use. Carl Sauer points out vegetative planting and seed agriculture as the original forms. He also points out that vegetative planting likely was originated in SE Asia and seed agriculture originated in W. India, N. China and Ethiopia.
  • Without the development of agriculture we would still have a relatively small and likely uneducated population
• Agriculture:
  • The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth’s surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic gain.
  • It has influenced the growth of areas and human society
• Animal Domestication: