Protestant reformation
Protestant Reformation- martin luther, 95 theses , teh year, causes of luther , signicnace
Martin Luther- martin luther was a german monk who started the protestant reformation with his famous 95 theses that were to show his discount with the church, he also translated the bible into german
95 Theses- the 95 theses were to show martins discount with the church, in the 95 theses he made objections with the papal, indulgences , and the whole doctrine of papal supremacy to make it known in 1517 he posted it on the church door
John Calvin- a French lawyer named John Calvin who made the protestant movement an international theological rebellion against Rome. John Calvin's doctrine was the institute of the christian religion which was spread through Europe. Calvin wanted the entire christian community to be made into the image of what he thought god wanted which was that the papal church was hopelessly distorted and should return to early practices and he also talked about was that god predestined souls ( hell or heaven)
Henry VIII- he was the king of england, who wanted to divorce his wife catherine of aragon because she could not produce a male heir which he really wanted and he intimated parliament into declaring him the only supreme head of the church in England, he was head of the Anglican church and eh proceeded to marry anne boleyn
The Act of Supremacy- law passed by the parliament that made henry the supreme head of the england church,
The Anglican Church- the english protestant church. henry made the church
Elizabeth I- child of king henry the 8th and anne boleyn, she cleared the confusion of the official religion of the English, she was a political genius that reigned for half a century with great success, also referred to as the virgin queen because she never married or had children
Puritans- calvinists that were dissatisfied with the idea of the head of England being the monarchs and that they got to decide the bishops, chief, arch bishops. They wished to purify the church by removing the pope's authority
Anabaptist- the followers of blank… believed in adult baptism , a priesthood of all believers, and after their efforts to establish a republic in the rhineland city of munster. The Anabaptists were driven underground but their beliefs still continued to evolve and emerged later in the new world as Amish or similar groups.
Counter-Reformation- the counter attack against the reformation from the Catholic church where they reviewed the old practices and doctrines
Jesuit Order-also could be called the society of jesus and ignatius of loyola created it and this was also a striking example of a second aspect of the counter reformation
Ignatius of Loyola- a catholic monk who created the jesuit order which gave the right to organize an entirely new religious group
Peace of Augsburg- in 1555 this law ended ten year civil war which gave leaders the ability to decide their own religion
Edict of Nantes- in 1598 henry made the first significant attempt at religious tolerance and the edict gave millions or so french calvinists ( the hugenots) the freedom to worship, to hold office and to fortify their towns
Indulgences- which were certificates that are supposedly supposed to take away your sins if you pay the church, this was one of the things that martin luther disagreed with in his 95 theses
John Wycliffe- he had a problem with communion which was the wine and bread service, he thought it was taken too seriously. After his death he was dug from his grave and burned even after his dealth
Jan Hus- a Czech priest and philosopher in the early 1400s, he spoke out against the roman catholic church and how people should follow orders of the pope or cardinals, in 1409 there 3 rival popes who claimed to be the pope which further his opposition. Later he was called a heretic and burned on a stake
Anne Boleyn- the second wife of Henry the 8th and gave him a male heir. She was beheaded because of adultery which was also considered treason because it was against the king.
The Counter Reformation
The Council of Trent- was in 1545-1563 and was the first attempt to examine the churches basic doctrines and goals of the church
Renaissance-or is otherwise known as the rebirth, a period of renewed interest in art, learning, and classical culture ( which was bringing back old ancient Greece and Rome ideas while also challenging old ways of thinking)
Humanism-the focus on human potential or in more detail belief that humans are capable individuals who should focus on art ( art got more real), philosophy, education , reasoning, rhetoric ( persuasive communication)
Secularism-focuses more on wordily life and living life to your fullest
Leonardo da Vinci-most famous works were Mona Lisa and the last supper. revolutionized portrait painting with creating 3/4 pose and perspective
Michaelangelo-most famous for the ceiling of the sistine chapel, the David and created the pieta sculpture ( Mary holding Jesus after crucifixion); known as the greatest artist of the renaissance
Raphael-most famous for self portrait with a friend, school of the Athens , wedding of the virgin: he was mostly known for his self portraits
Petrarch-most famous for self portrait with a friend, school of the Athens , wedding of the virgin: he was mostly known for his self portraits
Machiavelli-wrote " the prince" ; believed that rulers should be feared rather than loved
Thomas More-wrote " utopia" criticized social inequality
Erasmus-Northern renaissance figure associated with christian humanism
Dante-known for religious imagery of hell, purgatory, and paradise , made the divine comedy
Northern vs Southern Renaissance-italian R ( Southern)- location ( Italian city states like Venice and Florence), centers of trade and banking, was ruled by a few elite families, focused on individualism and secularism, classical roman and greek influences
Northern renaissance- location ( northern europe like France, Germany), christian humanism, individuals interpreted their own ways of understanding the bible, associated with figures like Erasmus