unit 1
University Overview
Liceo de Cagayan: A notable institution represented by the motto "Nil Sine Numine" (Nothing Without Divine Power). The university embraces the concept of iFLEX, advancing flexible learning methodologies in higher education.
Institutional iFLEX Learning System Plan
Overview of Topics Covered
Measurements in Science
Scientific Words
Chemistry
Levels of Organization
Organ Systems
Anatomical Position
Directional Terms
Planes and Positioning
Major Body Cavities
Regions of the Body
Abdominal Regions
Measurements in Science
Metric System
The metric system is foundational in the world of measurements, applicable in daily tasks from cooking to sports. It simplifies the measurement of length, weight, volume, and time using a decimal-based system.
Key Units
Mass: Grams (g)
Time: Seconds (s), Minutes (min), Hours (h)
Distance: Meters (m)
Metric Units and Conversions
A mnemonic to remember metric prefixes aids in conversions:
Tera (T): 10^12, Giga (G): 10^9, Mega (M): 10^6, Kilo (k): 10^3, Hecto (h): 10^2, Deka (da): 10^1
Deci (d): 10^-1, Centi (c): 10^-2, Milli (m): 10^-3, Micro (μ): 10^-6, Nano (n): 10^-9, Pico (p): 10^-12
Unit Conversion Examples
Using unit conversion for length:
5 km to meters = 5 x 1000 = 5000 m
120 cm to meters = 120 + 100 = 1.2 m
Scientific Words
Structure of Scientific Terms
Understanding prefixes, roots, and suffixes is crucial in deciphering medical terminology. For example, the term "epicardium" can be broken down into:
Prefix: epi (above)
Root: cardi (heart)
Suffix: -um (structure)
Medical Roots
Common medical roots include:
Histo- (Tissue)
Hepato- (Liver)
Nephro- (Kidney)
Onco- (Tumor)
Osteo- (Bone)
Medical Prefixes and Suffixes
Position Prefixes:
Epi- (Above)
Supra- (Above)
Sub- (Below)
Signs and Symptoms Suffixes:
-itis (Inflammation)
-algia (Pain)
Chemistry
Acid/Base Relationships
The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where:
pH 7 is neutral
A value < 7 indicates acidity
A value > 7 indicates alkalinity
Chemical Bonds
Covalent Bonds involve sharing electrons.
Ionic Bonds involve transferring electrons.
Levels of Organization
Understanding the various levels of biological organization is essential:
Chemical Level (Atoms and Molecules)
Cellular Level (Cells)
Tissue Level (Tissues)
Organ Level (Organs)
System Level (Organ Systems)
Organismal Level (Individual Organisms)
Organ Systems
The body is composed of several systems, namely:
Reproductive System
Urinary System
Nervous System
Muscular System
Respiratory System
Skeletal System
Lymphatic System
Integumentary System
Digestive System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Anatomical Position
The Anatomic Position is defined as:
Upright stance, facing forward
Mouth closed, neutral expression
Hands at sides, palms forward
Feet together, toes forward
Directional Terms
Essential for anatomical reference:
Medial: Toward the midline
Lateral: Away from the midline
Proximal: Towards a reference point
Distal: Away from a reference point
Inferior/Superior: Lower/Upper
Anterior/Posterior: Front/Back
Planes of Sectioning
Understanding how the body can be sectioned:
Coronal Plane: Divides front and back
Sagittal Plane: Divides left and right
Transverse Plane: Divides up and down
Body Cavities
Major Body Cavities
Dorsal Cavity
Cranial Cavity (brain)
Vertebral Cavity (spinal cord)
Ventral Cavity
Thoracic Cavity (heart, lungs)
Abdominal Cavity (digestive organs)
Pelvic Cavity (reproductive organs)
Cranial and Spinal Cavities
The dorsal cavity consists mainly of:
Cranial Cavity: brain
Spinal Cavity: spinal cord
Regions of the Body
Understanding human anatomy includes knowing the major regions:
Axial Region – Head and Trunk
Appendicular Region – Upper and Lower Limbs
Abdominal Regions
Mnemonic for Abdominal Regions
To remember:
“Hector Loves Isabel Every Unceasing Hour.” This references:
Hypochondriac, Lumbar, Iliac, Epigastric, Umbilical, and Hypogastric regions.