micro exam 3 arthropod
Bacillus Anthracis- aerobic, gram positive, spore forming, causes anthrax, fever, chills, headache, malaise, severe breathing and shock
Anthrax transmission- direct contact with endospores
Anthrax treatment- penicillin, ciprofloxacin
Anthrax prevention- avoid contact with infected livestock and animal products
Clostridium tetani- gram positive anaerobic rod, causes tetanus, muscle stiffness in jaw and neck, trismus forms spore
Tetanus and Gas Gangrene transmission- direct contact with spores through wound
Tetanus treatment- tetanus antitoxin, penicillin
Tetanus prevention- immunizing with toxoid vaccine
Clostridium perfringens- causes gas gangrene, foul odor and intense pain and swelling of wound site
Gas gangrene prevention- cleaning wound and debridement
Leptospira interrogans- causes leptospirosis, acute headache, muscle ache, vomiting and fever chills,
Leptospirosis- in human, bacteria enters through mucus membranes and skin abrasions, in animals, coloniizes in kidneys
Leptospirosis transmission- diseased animal urine contaminates food, water, soil -50% occurs in hawaii, 40-100 cases a year
Leptospirosis treatment- penicillin, doxycycline
Inhalation Anthrax- resembles common cold, respiratory distress, fatal without treatment
Cutaneous Anthrax- skin most common 95% of infections, itchy bumps developed in vesicle, then painless black ulcer, 20% untreated causes death
Skin cutaneous anthrax symptoms- blackened eschar surrounded by edema, painless, start like insect bite
Anthrax lethality factors- antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule and secretion of anthrax toxin
Antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule- prevents cell of immune system from killing bacterium
Secretion of anthrax toxin- cytotoxin to macrophage primarily, Protective Antigen (PA), Edema Factor (EF), Lethal Factor (LF)
Apoptosis- caused by synergistic effects of anthrax
B Anthracis germination- invades and hiijacks macrophage, destroys macrophage and inhibits cytokine response
LeTx (LT)- lethal toxin induces apoptosis of activates macrophages by destroying MAPK kinases
Trismus- clenched teeth and jaw, “fixed smile”
Opisthotonus- arched back, reduce ventilation, death
Exotoxins of tetanus- tetanospasmin and tetanolysin
Tetanospasmin- prevents release of glycine, GABA and other neurotransmitters and block muscle relaxation
Tetanolysin- cytotoxin,causes tissue damage and may contribute to the development of tetanus
Intestinal Anthrax- intense inflammation of GI tract, abdominal pain, vomiting, sever bloody diarrhea, 25-60% death rate
Lethal dose of tetanus- 130 ng
I mild tetanus- mild trismus, general spasticity, no respiratory embarrassment, no spasms, no dysphagia
II moderate tetanus- moderate tismus, rigidity, short spasm, mild dysphagia, mod respiratory involvement, res rate > 30
III severe tetanus- severe trismus, prolonged spasms, respiratory > 40 pulse >120, dysphagia, apnoeic spells
IV very severe tetanus- grade 3 plus severe autonomic disturbances in cardiovascular system
Burkholderia Pseudomallei- gram-negative bacilli, causes Melioidosis
Melioidosis- through contaminated wounds, involeved in vietnam war, “medical time bomb” lies dormant for years fatal 100% if untreated
Melioidosis chronic- abscess in heart, lung, liver
Melioidosis acute- pneumonia and septicemia
Melioidosis treatment- ceftazidime, doxycycline
Yersinia Pestis- cause plague transmitted through infected flea bite, inhaling infection droplet from animal or person
Yersinia pestis and tularemia treatments- tetracycline and streptomycin
Bubonic plague- sudden onset, fever chills, muscle aches, buboes, mainly from prairie dogs (rodents)
Buboes- swollen lymph nodes
Xenopsylla cheopsis- plague transmitted through rat flea
Septicemia plague- bacteria and toxin in blood
Septicemia plague symptoms- abdominl pain, bleeinging under skin and from mouth nose or rectum, fever diarrhea, low BP, organ failure, shock, gangrene
Gangrene- death of tissue causing blackening of extremities, fingers, toes, nose
Francisella tularensis- tularemia, from tick bites, rabbit skinning and meat, gram negative bipolar staining rods, ulcers from infection though tick bites
Glandular Tularemia - swollen glands from tick bite
Inhalation tularemia- respiratory disease from tick bite
Pneumonic plague- respiratory system headache, lung hemorrhaging and cardiovascular collapse
Borrelia burgdorferi- lyme disease, spirochate, most common arthropod borne disease
Lyme disease transmission- deer tick bite, ixodes scapularis, ixodes pacificus
Stage 1 lyme disease- Erythema migrans rash at tick bite site, beggins small and has circular expansion up to 15 in, bulls eye rash, no itch
Stage 2 lyme disease- if left untreated disease spreads to nervous system, skin, heart, multiple small EMs, meningitis, muscle pain
Stage 3 lyme disease- chronic arthritis, swelling of large joints including knee, encephalopathy and neuropathy
Lyme disease treatment- amoxicillin or doxycycline, immunization LYMErix
Borrelia hermsii- spirochate, Relapsing fever, by ticks and lice
Relapsing fever transmission- reservoir rodent ticks and lice
Relapsing fever symptoms- fever, chills, headaches, muscle joing pain, nausea, maybe rash, appear withing 2-9 days
Relapsing fever treatment- found in blood smear with presence of spirochaetes, uses doxycycline antibiotic
Rickettsial Arthropod borne diseases- obligate intracellular parasites, transmitted through ticks, fleas, and lice, treated with doxycycline and chloramphenicol
Rocky mountain spotted fever- begins with rash, fever nausea, emisis lack of appetite, maculopapular rash, petechial rash, abdominal pain
Rash- damage of small blood vessels
Rickettsia prowazekii- epidemic typhus fatal illness, decimated aztec population in 1500s
Epidemic typhus transmission - body lice, pediculus
Brill-Zinsser Disease- milder epidemic typhus, spread by lice and fleas on flying squirrels
Rickettsia typhi- endemic (murine) typhus in southwest USA, from fleas
Endemic murine typhus symptoms- abdominal pain, diarrhea, backache, extremely high fever, arthragia, nausea, vomiting
Epidemic typhus symptoms- fever, chills, maculopapular rash withing 5-9 days, photophobia, delirium
Scrub typhus-Asia and the Pacific is carried by a chigger mite in scrublands, caused by Orientia tsutsugamushi
Rickettsialpox- like chickenpox spread by mites from mice caused by Rickettsia akari
Trench fever- Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana; Vectored by head and body lice