AP WORLD UNIT 1

Sufis Muslim missionaries that spread the faith into Southeast Asia, primarily because of their tolerance of local faiths, which allowed people to honor their local deities in addition to practicing Islam. Champa Rice Fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice adopted by China from Vietnam. Allowed for two crops of rice to be grown each year, increasing agricultural production and contributed to the increase in China's population from 25% to 40% (approx) of the total world population. Monotheism the doctrine or belief that there is only one God. Faiths include Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Theravada Buddhism Form of Buddhism which focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. It became most widely practiced in Southeast Asia. Confucianism The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. The Han Dynasty began to use Civil Service Exams based off of this philosophy to choose members of the bureaucracy. Filial Piety The duty of family members to subordinate their desires to those of the male head of the family and to the ruler. Emphasizes respect for one's elders. Neo-Confucianism Syncretic philosophy (770-840) that incorporated both Daoist and Buddhist thought into a version of Confucianism that emphasized ethics rather than the mysteries of God and nature. Became popular throughout China, Japan, Vietnam and Korea Mahayana Buddhism Form of Buddhism which focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. Became widely-practiced in China and Korea. Zen (Chan) Buddhism Form of Mahayana Buddhism that emphasizes direct experience and meditation as opposed to formal learning based on studying scripture. It includes a fusion of Chinese beliefs (including Neo-Daoism) and became very popular in China. Bhakti Movement Meaning "worship," this transformational Hindu movement began in south India and moved northward between 600 and 1000 C.E.; it involved the intense adoration of and identification with a particular deity (like Vishnu or Shiva) through songs, prayers, and rituals. Some consider it a reform movement, others a reaction to Muslim influence (and a god). Serfdom Labor system in which peasants are required to stay on the land they work, and must gain permission to leave or marry from their lord. They paid tribute (crops, labor, coins) in exchange for protection. Lay Investiture Practice of secular (non-religious) leaders, rather than the pope, investing (appointing) bishops to office. This practice ended with the Concordat of Worms in 1122. Magna Carta Document that the English nobility forced King John to sign in 1215, which limited his powers; the king has to recognize right to a jury trial and led to the eventual formation of English Parliament (1265). Feudalism A highly fragmented and decentralized society in which power was held by the landowning warrior elite. In this highly competitive system, lesser lords and knights swore allegiance to greater lords or kings and thus became their vassals, frequently receiving lands and plunder in return for military service. Manorialism Economic system of self-sufficiency and defense (popular in medieval Europe) in which large feifs or estates allowed for people to build manors that operated as small villages with a church, blacksmith shop, mill and wine presses. Swahili Language that blends Bantu and Arabic (resulting from the Indian Ocean trade) and is widely spoken by various groups in the African Great Lakes region and other parts of Southeast Africa. Humanism Philosophical movement of the Renaissance which shifted focus from God to the ability of individuals; increased educational opportunities, led to reforms, and increased use of vernacular languages in literature. Missionaries a person sent on a religious mission, especially one sent to proselytize or actively seek converts in a foreign country. Algebra Branch of mathematics in which arithmetical operations and formal manipulations are applied to abstract symbols rather than specific numbers. First developed in the Ancient Middle East and Greece, with major contributions made during the Golden Age of Islam and the European Renaissance.