Key Concepts and Ideas of Filipino Thinkers in the Social Sciences

Filipino social science thinkers are deeply rooted in Filipino languages and experiences. Their ideas contribute to the academic discourse and understanding of Filipino society, showcasing the unique perspectives derived from the Filipino cultural context.

Important Thinkers of the Revolutionary Period (1896-1898)

Thinkers from this period played pivotal roles in shaping Philippine society and the revolutionary movement against colonial rule. The revolutionary period was marked by a growing national consciousness and a fervent desire for freedom

Social Thinker Definition

A social thinker is an individual who seeks coherence in their cognitive system and social environment. They aim for consistency in thoughts and beliefs and strive to understand and perceive their social environment accurately, analyzing issues to promote social awareness and civic responsibility.

Jose Rizal (Reformist 1861-1896)

Rizal is the most influential figure of the revolutionary period. He authored two significant works during his time in Europe:

• Noli Me Tangere (1887): A novel that exposed the social cancer of the Philippines under Spanish rule, portraying the injustices, hypocrisy, and corruption of the clergy and colonial government. This book was a call to awareness and reform.

• El Filibusterismo (1891): A sequel to Noli Me Tangere, this work shifted from reform to revolution, depicting the consequences of oppression and the need for radical change. These works addressed social issues such as inequality, racism, and colonialism faced by Filipinos, igniting the nationalistic spirit and inspiring the revolution.

Andres Bonifacio (1863–1897)

Founder of the revolutionary society Katipunan, Bonifacio's leadership and vision played crucial roles in mobilizing Filipinos for independence. His society escalated to 30,000 members rapidly.

• Beliefs: Bonifacio believed that a man's worth is determined by his character and not by social status or appearance. He emphasized democratic principles, promoting equality and the value of every individual in the fight for freedom.

• Legacy: Dubbed the "Father of the Revolution," Bonifacio's bravery and dedication to national liberation remain exemplary.

Apolinario Mabini (1864-1903)

Known as the "Sublime Paralytic" and "Brains of the Revolution", Mabini was a brilliant tactician despite his physical disabilities. He overcame humble beginnings through scholarships and hard work to earn degrees in law.

• Philosophy: He advocated that humans are naturally good; true liberty should align with reason and moral conscience. His writings provided theoretical frameworks for the revolution, emphasizing governance based on justice and moral principles.

Emilio Jacinto (Revolutionist 1875 – 1899)

Known as the "Brains of the Katipunan," Emilio Jacinto contributed significantly to the revolutionary literature.

• Literature: His works, particularly the Kartilya ng Katipunan, served as guidance for Katipuneros, elaborating on the organization’s objectives, rules, and values.

• Advocacy: He advocated for core values such as charity, honor, and equality across social factors, focusing on the importance of moral integrity in the struggle for national freedom.

Manuel L. Quezon (Political Philosopher) (1878 – 1944)

As the first President of the Commonwealth, Quezon emphasized social justice for the working class.

• Ideology: He believed in political pragmatism, arguing that a pragmatic approach was essential in achieving Philippine independence. In his view, social justice was pivotal for economic progress and national stability.

Isabelo de los Reyes (1864 – 1938)

Considered the "Father of Filipino Socialism," de los Reyes made significant contributions to labor rights and social justice.

• Achievements: He co-founded the Philippine Independent Church, advocating for reforms within the church aligned with Filipino interests. He also established the first labor union in the Philippines, emphasizing collective bargaining and workers' rights.

Camilo O. Osias (1889 – 1976)

Osias was known for his advocacy for an educational system that promotes national heritage and welfare.

• Contributions: He became the first president of National University and authored numerous educational texts, imparting the importance of Filipino culture and history in the education system.

Claro M. Recto (1890-1960)

Recto was a prominent writer and nationalist leader who used his writings to promote Filipino identity and independence.

• Policy Advocacy: He is known for advocating the “Filipino First Policy,” emphasizing the need for prioritizing national interests and economic self-sufficiency over foreign dependence.

Virgilio Enriquez (1942 - 1994)

Considered the father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino, Enriquez emphasized integrating Filipino values and beliefs into psychology.

• Focus on Indigenous Knowledge: He promoted the study of indigenous knowledge systems and cultural practices in psychology to create approaches relevant to Filipino contexts.

Concepts in Sikolohiyang Pilipino

1. Kapwa: A core value emphasizing togetherness and shared identity among Filipinos, highlighting the importance of community and interpersonal relationships.

2. Pakikiramdamin: A pivotal interpersonal value that involves understanding and sensing the emotions of others for better interaction, promoting empathy.

3. Kagandahang Loob: A socio-personal value that signifies acts of charity and community service, exemplified by the cultural practice of Bayanihan, where community members assist each other.

Pantayong Pananaw by Zeus A. Salazar (1934 – Present)

Salazar advocates for a nationalism-focused perspective in history, stressing that history should be written by and for Filipinos.

• Historical Framework: He emphasizes the importance of using the Filipino language to express true historical narratives, ensuring that context and cultural nuances are preserved.

• Historiography Perspectives: Salazar identified three perspectives in historiography:

  • Pangkayong Pananaw: Western perspective on Philippine history.

  • Pangkamting Pananaw: Filipino narratives for foreign understanding.

  • Pantayong Pananaw: History should be written and understood by Filipinos, within their own context and language.

Key Characteristics of Filipino Values

Filipino values encompass numerous aspects:

• Accommodating Values: Such as Hiya (shame) and Utang na Loob (debt of gratitude), which guide social interactions.

• Pivotal Interpersonal Values: Like Pakikiramdamin, underpinning the importance of emotional sensitivity in relationships.

• Confrontational Values: Represented by Bahala na, showcasing resilience in the face of uncertainty.

Societal Values and Engagement

Fundamental societal values such as honor, justice, and freedom are critical for social harmony. The call for conscious societal engagement highlights the importance of historical narratives derived from Filipino experiences, advocating for a more active role in shaping the future of Filipino society.