Art nouveau, “MODERN STYLE” OR “JUGENSTYL”

Art Nouveau emerged between 1890 and 1914, incorporating ideas of modern aesthetics.

There existed a conflict between crafts and industrial production, leading to a transformation in how everyday utility objects were manufactured.
Increased mass production created competition that affected the craftsmanship.

Industrialists faced challenges in maintaining quality control of machine-made objects.
Contrastingly, craftsmen emphasized the connection between manual labor and the final quality of objects, which was lost in mass production.
Mass-produced items often sacrificed aesthetic quality in favor of lower costs.

England, the birthplace of the industrial revolution, saw an early conflict between craft and industry around 1850.

Ruskin and Followers: Advocated for a revival of Gothic architectural forms and craftsmanship, promoting traditional manual labor over industrial production.
Henry Cole: Suggested reconciliation between art and industry, seeing potential in machinism to produce innovative designs with new materials.
William Morris: A proponent of craftsmanship, he resisted industrial production but saw machines as helpful for artisans when used correctly.

The goal of the movement was to enhance the form and character of commonly used objects, which were often diminished to 'minor arts' due to industrialization.
Morris's contributions included the establishment of a decorative arts company and a quest to restore art's presence in everyday life.

Emphasized harmony in architecture, exemplified by his design of the 'Red House' (1859).

Art Nouveau arose as a reaction against historicism, academic architecture, and the mediocrity associated with machine-made forms.

Houses were treated as holistic works of art, blurring the lines between major and minor arts.
Emphasized organic forms and asymmetrical designs, integrating craftsmanship into architectural projects.

Utilized soft pastel colors (blues, greens, pinks) in materials like ceramics and bricks.
Featured representations of natural elements, such as marine plants and various animal forms.

Glass Elements: Stained glass windows and expansive glass doors.
Metalwork: Utilized iron, bronze, and cast iron, often molded into ornate designs.
Building Materials: Varied use of brick and ceramic for facades; ceramics integrated into daily life but overlooked by the public.

Renowned for the Tassel Hotel in Brussels, integrating artistry with industry in his approach.

Horta's designs featured original spatial organization that diverged from classical frameworks.

An art theorist and architect promoting simplicity in design, focusing on the mass production of art objects.

His works reflect synthetic integration of medieval art and nature, drawing inspiration from organic forms.

Notable structures such as Casa Vicens, Casa Batlló, and Casa Milà highlight Gaudi’s distinct style.

Merged Gothic inspiration with modern ideas, seeking uniqueness within European architecture.

Introduced notions of utility in architecture, emphasizing rationalist principles and opposing ornamental tradition.

Advocated for renewal in architecture while maintaining a classical foundation, influencing design for public and private spaces.

A key figure in the Vienna Secession, known for innovative forms and a break from rigid classicism in design.