Period 3, Enlightenment

  • The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional authority.

  • Key figures included philosophers such as John Locke, who proposed the idea of natural rights, and Voltaire, who advocated for freedom of speech and religion.

Page 2

  • Period: 3 (1750-1900)

  • Unit 5: Revolutions

  • Lecture Intro to Period Three; Topic 5.1: Enlightenment

Page 4

Torture Methods

  1. Sati

  2. Seppuku

  3. Human Sacrifice

  4. Footbinding

  5. Devshirme

  6. Queue

Page 5

Empires Overview

  • Qing Empire

  • Mughal Empire

  • Portuguese Empire

  • Safavid Empire

  • Spanish Empire

  • Ottoman Empire

Page 6

Important Dates

  • November 13: Payment for AP Exams (DEADLINE 11/15)

  • November 15 (Friday): First in-class DBQ (p. 2)

Page 7

Units Exam Weighting

  • Unit 1: The Global Tapestry - 8-10%

  • Unit 2: Networks of Exchange - 8-10%

  • Unit 3: Land-Based Empires - 12-15%

  • Unit 4: Transoceanic Interconnections - 12-15%

  • Unit 5: Revolutions - 12-15%

  • Unit 6: Consequences of Industrialization - 12-15%

  • Unit 7: Global Conflict - 8-10%

  • Unit 8: Cold War and Decolonization - 8-10%

  • Unit 9: Globalization - 8-10%

Page 8

Key Insights for Period 3

  • Period 3 has dense information across 150 years (1750-1900).

  • Focus areas: Unit 5 (Revolutions), Unit 6 (Imperialism and Consequences).

  • Note: "Don’t write!"

Page 9

Major Themes (1750-1900)

  • Europeans establish control over global trade routes via maritime empires.

  • Population growth continues.

  • Many regions retain earlier religious practices; Christianity remains the fastest-spreading religion, with Islam growing as well.

Page 10

New States and Empires

  • Emerging states on the edges of existing empires:

    • United States of America

    • German Empire

    • Egypt

    • Gran Colombia

    • Tsarist Russia

    • Dutch Empire

    • Siam (Thailand)

    • Japan (Tokugawa/Meiji)

    • Ottoman Empire

    • Cherokee Nation

    • British Empire

    • Belgian Empire

    • Zulu Kingdom

    • French Empire

    • Qing China

    • Haiti

Page 11

Political Revolutions (1750-1900)

  • Active changes in political, economic, and social systems.

  • Violence common in these changes, beginning in Europe.

  • Roots identified in the Enlightenment.

Page 12

Enlightenment Overview

  • New European philosophical movement questioning traditional relationships and understandings.

  • Development of new political ideas surrounding individual rights, natural rights, and the social contract.

Page 13

  • Discussion prompt: Experience in a coffee shop with friends.

  • Note: "Don’t write!"

Page 14

Enlightenment Culture

  • Description: "Dudes in coffee houses whining about life and talking about how to fix society."

  • Note: "Don’t write!"

Page 15

Social Contract Theory

  • Theory posits that power is given by individuals to the state for the greater good.

  • Rejection of absolutism.

Page 16

Goals of Enlightenment Philosophers

  • Increase rights

  • Expand suffrage (voting rights)

  • End slavery (abolition)

  • End serfdom

Page 17

Early Feminism

y

  • A result of Enlightenment thinking.

  • Advocacy for gender equality and women's suffrage.

  • Challenges to patriarchy and gender-based hierarchies.

Page 18

Cycles of Revolution: Phase Analysis

  1. Educated elite seeks increased political power; uninterested in social/economic reform.

  2. Elite turns to lower classes for support; promises social/economic reform.

Page 19

Cycles of Revolution: Continued

  1. Leader is overthrown.

  2. Lower classes turn on new leadership when reforms aren’t fulfilled.

  3. Lower classes seize power; various leaders backed by differing groups.

Page 20

Cycles of Revolution: Further Dynamics

  1. Internal conflict among lower classes arises; radical and dangerous phase.

  2. A military leader arises, promising stability, eventually seizing total power.

  3. Cycle repeats.

Page 21

Recap of Revolution Steps

  • Steps continually outlined, including the rise and fall of leadership and cycles of power struggles.

Page 22

Notable Upcoming Revolutions

  • USA: First successful revolution; inspires others; escapes revolutionary cycles.

  • France: Violent and partially successful; remains in revolutionary cycles.

  • Haiti: First successful slave revolt; cannot escape revolutionary cycles.

  • Latin America: Successful but unable to break free from cycles.

Page 23

Exam Tip

  • For any DBQ/LEQ regarding revolution causes/effects, remember: The Enlightenment is always a cause.

Page 24

First Revolution to Cover

  • The American Revolution.