oxygen 2

Cardiac output: The amount of blood the heart pumps in a given period.
Diffusion: Movement of gases from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.
Hyperventilation: Increased rate or depth of breathing.
Hypoventilation: Decreased rate or depth of breathing.
Hypovolemia: Decreased blood volume.
Hypoxia: Lack of sufficient oxygen in the tissues.
Incentive spirometry: Device to encourage deep breathing.
Kussmaul respirations: Deep, labored breathing pattern often associated with metabolic acidosis.
Myocardial Ischemia: Reduced blood supply to heart muscle.
Nasal cannula: Device delivering oxygen directly into the nostrils.
Perfusion: The passage of fluid through the circulatory system to an organ or tissue.
Tracheostomy: Surgical opening in the trachea for breathing.
Ventilation: Movement of air into and out of the lungs.
Cheyne-Stokes respiration: Cycles of breathing characterized by periods of apnea followed by gradual increases in the depth and frequency of breathing.

Recommended to study pages 972-975 on Anatomy and Physiology.
To understand:
1. The journey of oxygen as it enters the body, starting from inhalation.
2. The functions of oxygen in the body.
3. The critical importance of oxygen for bodily functions.

Functions: Conduction of air, mucus clearance, production of pulmonary surfactant.
Components:
- Trachea
- Right and left mainstem bronchi
- Segmental bronchi
- Terminal bronchioles
Right lung consists of 3 lobes, left lung has 2 lobe.

Refers to the intake of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide.
Takes place via diffusion, occurring at the alveoli.
Alveoli: Small air sacs crucial for gas exchange.If wheezing then thesse are closed and crackles mean that they have fluid thorughtout them.
Surfactant: Aids gas exchange, preventing alveolar collapse.
Atelectasis: Collapse of part of the lung.
Hypoxia: Insufficient oxygen reaching cells due to ventilation, respiration, or perfusion issues.
Dyspnea: The sensation of difficulty in breathing.

Oxygenation: Providing necessary oxygen to body cells.
Pulmonary Ventilation: The movement of air in (inspiration) and out (expiration) of the lungs.
Diffusion: Movement of respiratory gases between areas of different pressure.
Perfusion: Passage of oxygenated blood through tissues; depends on blood supply from the heart.

Essential for gas exchange involving ventilation and perfusion.
Pulse oximetry: Measures oxygen saturation in the blood.
The heart consists of four chambers: the atria and ventricles.
- Atria: Receive blood from veins.
- Ventricles: Pump blood out through arteries.

Health Levels: Poor health can lead to compromised oxygenation.
- Examples include:
  - Kidney disease causing fluid overload.
  - Obesity resulting in lower lung volumes.
  - Age-related changes affecting oxygenation in older adults.
  - Medications like opioids leading to respiratory depression.
  - Psychological health issues like anxiety causing hyperventilation.

Start with subjective information via a health history.
Questions to ask:
- Do you have a cough?
- Are you short of breath?
- Do you have a history of lung problems?
- Is your lifestyle active?
Follow with a physical assessment:
- Inspect overall appearance and skin.
- Palpate the chest and observe movement.
- Perform percussion to detect fluid.
- Auscultate lung sounds.

Patient Profile: 62 years old, admitted with pneumonia symptoms.
- Symptoms: Chest pain, fatigue, shortness of breath, cough.
Priority Questions:
1. How would you rate your chest pain?
2. Describe your shortness of breath.
3. Have you experienced any cough with mucus?

Types of lung sounds:
- Vesicular: Soft, low-pitched sounds.
- Bronchial: High-pitched, longer sounds.
- Bronchovesicular: Medium-pitched expiration sounds.
- Adventitious sounds:
  - Wheezing: Continuous musical sounds indicating constricted airways.
  - Crackles: Popping sounds associated with fluid in the lungs.

Key Procedures:
- ECG: Detects ischemia and infarction.
- Spirometer/Incentive Spirometer: Measures airflow.
- Pulse Oximetry: Indicates oxygen levels.
- Capnography: Measures exhaled CO2.
- Thoracentesis: Removes excess pleural fluid.
- Radiography: Chest X-ray.
- Skin Test: Used for infectious agents.
- Arterial Blood Gas: Most accurate and invasive test for oxygenation.

History: Long-term smoker with COPD.
Physical Assessment: Respiratory rate of 26, chest pain at 4/10, pulse oximetry at 86%, observed wheezing.

Data Cues:
- Abnormal pulse oximetry and respiratory rate.
Priority NANDA Diagnoses:
- Activity intolerance due to inactivity.
- Impaired gas exchange related to low oxygen saturation.

Involves puncturing the chest wall to relieve pleural fluid.
Nurse's role includes patient safety, monitoring, and assessment post-procedure.

Goals: Establish realistic, measurable goals based on assessments.
Interventions:
- Identify independent nursing interventions versus those needing provider input.
- Evaluate effectiveness of interventions post-implementation.

Techniques:
- Encourage deep breathing; use incentive spirometer correctly.
- Teach pursed-lip and diaphragmatic breathing.
- Promote cough methods to clear sputum.
- Ensure hydration for secretions.
- Reduce anxiety and enhance overall wellness through education.

Post-intervention, ensure patient education on effective coughing and smoking cessation to aid recovery from COPD exacerbation.