STS Part 3 - One Health-Human_Animal_Environment_2022

Part 3: One Health Science, Technology, & Society

Overview of One Health

  • Concept Creation: Established in 2004.

  • Objective: Implement programs, policie,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,s, legislation, and research across multiple sectors to achieve better public health outcomes (WHO, 2017).

Main Organizations Involved

  • Key Organizations:

    • World Health Organization (WHO)

    • Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)

    • World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)

    • United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Importance of One Health After Current Pandemic

  • The pandemic highlighted connections between health and the environment.

  • Critical Points:

    • Prevent zoonotic disease outbreaks.

    • Address urgent environmental issues:

      • Food safety.

      • Antimicrobial resistance.

Part 3.1: Human Health and Well-Being

Intended Learning Outcomes

  1. Examine: Current information on human health.

  2. Discuss: Sources and impacts of emerging diseases and pandemics.

  3. Integrate: Personal health with animal and environmental health.

  4. Apply: Personal health risk management in current health crises (e.g., COVID-19).

Definitions

  • Health (WHO, 1948): Complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of illness.

  • Wellbeing (Sen, 1999): A state where individuals can do and be what they value, closely tied to health.

  • Wellness: Holistic integration of physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

Health Challenges and Hazards

  • Health Hazards: Probability of harm from various risks including:

    • Categories of Hazards:

      • Chemical: From air, water, soil, food, products.

      • Natural: Fire, earthquakes, floods.

      • Cultural: Unsafe working conditions, crime.

      • Lifestyle: Poor diet, smoking, alcohol misuse.

      • Biological: Infections from pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi).

Biological Hazards and Their Impacts

  • Zoonoses: Diseases transmitted from animals to humans, significant health risks relating to:

    • ~60% of existing infectious diseases.

    • ~75% of emerging diseases (Ebola, COVID-19).

  • Types of Diseases:

    • Infectious: Caused by invading pathogens (e.g., TB, malaria).

    • Transmissible vs. Non-transmissible:

      • Transmissible: Spread from one person to another (communicable).

      • Non-transmissible: Caused by non-living agents (e.g., cancers, asthma).

COVID-19 and its Global Impact

  • COVID-19 Overview:

    • First reported cases in Wuhan, China, December 2019.

    • Animal-human transmission was investigated.

  • Current Timeline and Developments:

    • First cases linked to pneumonia.

    • Human-to-human transmission confirmed.

Vaccine Information

  • Best Vaccines:

    • Should be immediately available and proven to prevent severe symptoms, hospitalization, and death. All FDA-approved vaccines meet these criteria.

Part 3.2: Animal Health and Welfare

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Understand: Biodiversity's significance and our dependence on it.

  • Discuss: Consequences of biodiversity loss.

  • Determine: Relationship between animal health/welfare and current pandemics.

Biodiversity and Ecosystem Health

  • Biodiversity assessment relies on species, ecosystem, and genetic diversity.

  • Threats:

    • Habitat loss, invasive species, climate change, pollution, hunting.

Biodiversity in the Philippines

  • Geological Diversity:

    • Home to approximately 1.7-2 million discovered species; total estimated at 100 million.

  • Importance: Ecosystem services are crucial for sustaining human life.

Part 3.3: Environmental Health

Intended Learning Outcomes

  1. Determine: Causes of poor environmental health.

  2. Discuss: Environmental health’s relationship with human and animal health.

Environment and Its Importance

  • Poor environmental quality predominantly affects at-risk populations.

  • Major Issues:

    • Pollution from waste disposal.

    • Urbanization: Rapid migration to cities with infrastructural challenges.

    • Climate Change: Alters weather patterns, increases disaster frequency.

National Environmental Health Strategies

  • Action Plan: Prevent environmental health-related diseases.

  • Programs include:

    • Water supply, sanitation, food sanitation, air quality management.

Student Contributions

  • Encourage participation in environmental health initiatives and community awareness.