Case Studies

Nigeria - 4th highest GDP in Africa - 10% from Oil - Nollywood worth 6.4 billion

Lagos - Largest city in Africa (~17m) - Annual growth rate of 3.75% - Home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry

UK - 2.56 Trillion GDP (6th) - 80% work force in Service Sector (Tertiary) - Average net worth £172000

London - 3rd Largest city in Europe (~9m) - Crime rate 104 per 1000 - Contributes to 22% of the UK’s GDP

Masdar - Has a floating solar power plant - Has Personal Rapid Transport (PRT) system which is the first autonomous electric transport system - Passive design which maximises efficiency (e.g. streets orientated to capture prevailing wind and funnel them through shaded streets making it cooler)

Tunisia Tourism - Why: Natural Landscape, Climate, History/Culture, Cheap Packages - Benefits: Jobs, Money, Healthcare/School quality increase - Issues: Pollution, Terrorism, Money taken by TNCs

Kielder Water - What: A man-made reservoir that stores water and supplies the surrounding area (2.5m people) - Benefits: Improves water security, Creates jobs, Renewable - Problems: Flood 2700 hectares to create the reservoir, Displaced farming communities (58 families), Disrupt fish migration routes

Fracking - What: Used to extract natural gas locked in shale rock underground (Banned due to seismic activity e.g. 2011 Blackpool 2.3 magnitude) - Benefits: Improves energy security, Creates jobs, Reduces costs and reliance on foreign sources of oil - Problems: Tremors and minor Earthquakes, Contamination of local water, Non-renewable and postpones investment in renewable energy

Malmo - What: Sustainable city which aims to be the 1st carbon neutral city by 2030 - Initiatives: Waste incineration plant which produces energy from it, Water and energy meters in all apartments, Food waste converted to bio-gas to power buses, Education of residents

Nepal - What: Use of Micro-Hydro schemes to produce energy sustainably for low costs and easily for locals - Social Benefits: Provides light during the night so its easier to work/safer for locals, Provides power for fridges used to store medicine in hospitals for rural areas, Connects the city to the internet/radio - Economic Benefits: Job creation, Tax revenue to government

Lagos - Challenges: Water Supply/Quality (10% Have piped water supply), Housing shortages (66% Live in Slums), Less formal work (75% in informal sector) - Opportunities: Developing/Improving slums e.g. Makoko Floating schools, Water vending jobs (~60% of population supplied in poorer areas), Transport (Airport accounts for 83% of international flights in the country)(Lagos Mass Transit System LMT includes buses, ferries, trams and a large network of railway)

London - Challenges: Traffic Congestion (156 hours in 2022 average of drivers), Wealth Inequalities/Gentrification (Brick lane increasing prices force out historic Bengali families), Housing Shortages (183,000 Homeless) - Opportunities: Urban Regeneration (Olympic Park), Cycle Super Highways (24% Cycled in London), Developing brownfield sites and leaving Greenbelt sites alone

Nigeria - Economy has grown due to: Growing Film Industry Nollywood, Oil Exploitation (Helped by shell), Production of manufactured goods - Challenges: TNCs removing profits (Shell Oil), Oil Spills (600,000 barrels spilled), Informal Job Sector Growing (92% in 2023)

UK - Economy has grown due to: Development of business/science parks (Quaternary Sector) (Cambridge AstraZeneca Site), Increase in financial services (Financial District London, HSBC), Information Technology (670,000 Employed) - Challenges: De-Industrialisation (Job Loss especially in North), Environmental Impact by releasing pollutants (Counter: Unicorn Group who get 100% of electricity from renewable sources, recycles left over steel), Rural Decline (Less money, Services close), North-South Divide (Below)

North-South Divide - Evidence: Wages are lower, Healthcare is worse, Education is worse - Solutions: Northern Powerhouse (Government plan to reduce inequality by improving transport, broadband coverage and £70 million into schools), Enterprise Zones (Sheffield zone brought 16,000 jobs to the area from new projects like McLaren Composites Technology Centre) (They reduce taxes for businesses, Improve infrastructure, create jobs)