Intro to human body

1. Human Anatomy and Physiology Defined:

a. Anatomy – Study of structure; anatomy = to cut apart

b. Physiology – Study of function; physis – function or natural function or just simply “nature”.

2. Standard Anatomical Position Demo – Using Torso and human models

i. The purpose of standard anatomical position is to be able to clearly talk about different parts of moving organisms no matter how they are moving or what position they are in. This makes it easier to avoid confusion when discussing anatomy.

ii.

b. Left vs. Right – lateral directional references:

i. on the subject, patient, model, specimen in anatomical position.

c. Directional Terms

i. Superior / Inferior

ii. Anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)

iii. Proximal / Distal – in relation to a point of attachment; mostly used regarding the appendages

3. Levels of Organization from Chemical through Organismal

a. Chemical – Proteins, lipids, DNA / RNA, Carbohydrates, ions, water, minerals

b. Cellular – basic structural and functional unit of life

c. Tissues – Usually, collections of similar cells working together; but, extracellular matrix, fascia, bone matrix are tissues or called tissues, but are not composed entirely of cells.

d. Organs – collections of similar tissues working together

e. Organ Systems – organs working together

f. Organism / organismal – the individual

4. 11 Organ Systems

a. Organization; natural vs. conventional

i. Natural – how “things” occur by virtue of their structural and functional arrangements

1. Systemic Anatomy – study of the body by systems, such as cardiovascular, Nervous, Skeletal, Muscular, etc.

2. Regional Anatomy – study of the body by areas, such as cranial, torso, trunk, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic, etc.

ii. Convention – how “things” occur in order to make them applicable

1. Containment and Structural; Sensory, Integration and Processing, Motor Function; Visceral; Regulation, Maintenance, Protection, Systematics, Reproduction

2. Superficial to Deep; Visceral and Systematics; Regulation, etc.; Sensation and Control

5. Key fundamental concepts of Biology in General and Human A and P specifically:

a. Compartmentalization

i. Serous membranes

1. pericardium

2. pleural membranes

3. peritoneum

b. Surface area

i. sulci and gyri of the brain

c. Amplification

i. blood clotting cascade

ii. complement fixation

d. Homeostasis

i. regulation of body temperature

ii. regulation of blood pressure – RAAS = renin angiotensin aldosterone system

e. Signal Transduction

i. action of hormones and other chemical mediators

6. Importance of Basic and Technical Terminology

a. Orientation

i. Starting in standard anatomical position (anterior, standard, anatomical position) – gives a common reference point on the subject (patient; specimen; model, etc.)

b. Common and technical anatomical terms

i. Examples

1. Back of the elbow / olecranal

2. Inner elbow / antecubital

3. Upper Arm / brachial

4. Hip / coxal

ii. Planes, sections, and directional terms

1. Frontal / coronal plane

2. Sagittal plane

a. Mid-Sagittal plane

b. Para-Sagittal plane

3. Transverse / Axial plane

4. Oblique – at an angle

iii. Regional Terms

1. Abdominopelvic region – combines abdominal and pelvic cavities

2. Mediastinum – central region of the thoracic cavity where the esophagus and trachea run; also thyroid, thymus, and heart are found here.

7. Body Cavities: Eucoelomic – true body cavity lined by peritoneum and divided by mesenteries

a. Acoelomates – no body cavity; simple organisms, like flat worms

b. Pseudocoelomates – body cavity, but no lining or dividing tissues; many higher invertebrates, such as insects

c. Eucoelomates - humans

8. Torso Models

a. Trunk vs. Torso – Ambiguous and not necessarily defined by conventional terms

i. Trunk – like the trunk of a tree – no “branches” / limbs or in this case does not include the head or any of the appendages

ii. Torso – includes the head, but not appendages; look at a torso model for reference.

b. Cavities / canals

i. Cranial – contains the brain

ii. Spinal / Vertebral – contains the spinal cord and within the spinal cord lies the spinal canal filled with cerebrospinal fluid

iii. Thoracic – “chest cavity”, but the word Pectoral actually refers to or means chest as in the Pectoralis Major muscles

1. Mediastinum – see above

iv. Abdominal – contains most of the visceral of the body (viscera – thoracic and abdominal cavities

v. Pelvic – most inferior of the cavities

c. Quadrants – 4 – demos and defining boundaries and reference points

i. RUQ – right upper quadrant

ii. LUQ – left upper quadrant

iii. LLQ – left lower quadrant

iv. RLQ – Right lower quadrant

i. Regions – 9 abdominopelvic regions

i. Right hypochondrial / hypochondriac

ii. Epigastric

iii. Left hypochondrial / hypochondriac

iv. Left lumbar

v. Umbilical

vi. Right lumbar

vii. Left inguinal / iliac

viii. Hypogastric / pubic (suprapubic)

ix. Right inguinal / iliac

9. Quadrants defined by: umbilical or umbilicus

10.Abdominopelvic regions defined by two sets of lines:

a. Mid clavicular lines – run vertically; run just medial to the nipples

b. Subcostal and trans-tubercular lines – run horizontally below the rib cage (Subcostal) and lower one (Trans-tubercular) passing through the iliac tubercles

11.Disease – definitions and conditions

a. Disease – disruption of homeostasis; Homeostasis = maintaining metabolic and physiological balance among changing conditions; e.g. body temperature, blood pressure, electrolyte balance

i. Infectious

ii. Genetic

iii. Autoimmune

iv. Conditions, such as diabetes, which can have various root causes

b. Death – failure to restore homeostasis

12.Aging – the body’s natural inability to maintain and / or restore homeostasis, eventually resulting in death.

a. Normal processes that fail to restore homeostasis or maintain homeostasis