Bones

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Flashcard 1

Q: What are the main parts of the skeletal system?
A: Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, bone marrow, joints.

Flashcard 2

Q: What are the five main jobs of your skeleton?
A: Support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production.

Flashcard 3

Q: Why is cartilage important for your bones?
A: It cushions joints and helps in bone growth and development.

Flashcard 4

Q: What does hyaline cartilage look like?
A: Smooth, glassy, with a firm but flexible structure.

Flashcard 5

Q: How does cartilage grow?
A: Through appositional growth (adding layers) and interstitial growth (growing from within).

Flashcard 6

Q: What makes up the bone matrix?
A: Collagen fibers (for flexibility) and hydroxyapatite crystals (for strength).

Flashcard 7

Q: Name the four types of bone cells.
A: Osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteogenic cells.

Flashcard 8

Q: What do osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts, and osteogenic cells do?
A:

  • Osteoblasts: Build bone.

  • Osteocytes: Maintain bone.

  • Osteoclasts: Break down bone.

  • Osteogenic cells: Make new bone cells.

Flashcard 9

Q: Where do bone cells come from?
A:

  • Osteoblasts & osteocytes: From osteogenic cells.

  • Osteoclasts: From blood cells (monocytes).

Flashcard 10

Q: What's the difference between woven and lamellar bone?
A:

  • Woven bone: Soft and disorganized.

  • Lamellar bone: Strong, organized layers.

Flashcard 11

Q: What’s the difference between compact and spongy bone?
A:

  • Compact bone: Dense, strong, outside layer.

  • Spongy bone: Lighter, with holes, inside bones.

Flashcard 12

Q: How do we classify bones by shape?
A:

  • Long bones: Like arms and legs.

  • Short bones: Like wrists and ankles.

  • Flat bones: Like ribs and skull.

  • Irregular bones: Like vertebrae.

Flashcard 13

Q: What are the parts of a typical long bone?
A: Diaphysis (shaft), epiphyses (ends), medullary cavity, periosteum (outer layer), and articular cartilage (on joints).

Flashcard 14

Q: What makes long bones different from flat, short, and irregular bones?
A: Long bones are for movement; flat bones protect organs; short bones are for stability; irregular bones have unique shapes for special functions.

Flashcard 15

Q: How do bones form in intramembranous ossification?
A: Bones start from connective tissue, form a bone matrix, and become spongy bone.

Flashcard 16

Q: How does endochondral ossification work?
A: Cartilage turns into bone starting at the middle and spreading to the ends.

Flashcard 17

Q: Which bones come from intramembranous ossification and which from endochondral ossification?
A:

  • Intramembranous: Flat bones like skull, clavicle.

  • Endochondral: Long bones like femur, humerus.

Flashcard 18

Q: How do bones grow in length and width?
A:

  • Length: At the growth plate (epiphyseal plate).

  • Width: By adding new layers on the outer surface.

Flashcard 19

Q: What factors affect bone growth?
A: Nutrition (calcium, vitamins), hormones (growth hormone, sex hormones), mechanical stress (exercise), and age.

Flashcard 20

Q: Why do bones remodel?
A: To repair damage, adjust to stress, and keep bones strong.

Flashcard 21

Q: What's a basic multicellular unit (BMU)?
A: A team of osteoclasts and osteoblasts working together to break down and rebuild bone.

Flashcard 22

Q: How does mechanical stress affect bones?
A: Stress helps bones grow stronger and thicker. Lack of stress weakens them.

Flashcard 23

Q: Name the types of bone fractures.
A: Simple, compound, comminuted, greenstick, spiral, transverse, oblique.

Flashcard 24

Q: What are the differences in bone fracture types?
A:

  • Simple: No skin break.

  • Compound: Bone breaks through skin.

  • Comminuted: Bone breaks into pieces.

  • Greenstick: Incomplete, common in kids.

Flashcard 25

Q: What are the steps in bone repair?
A:

  1. Hematoma forms (blood clot).

  2. Callus forms (cartilage and bone).

  3. Bone hardens.

  4. Remodeling (bone shape returns to normal).

Flashcard 26

Q: How do bones help with calcium balance?
A: Bones store and release calcium to keep blood levels stable.

Flashcard 27

Q: How do parathyroid hormone and calcitonin help with bone health?
A:

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH): Raises blood calcium by breaking down bone.

  • Calcitonin: Lowers blood calcium by building bone.

These flashcards should help you grasp the key concepts and make it easier to memorize the material!