GV

PSY 238 Exam 3

vChapter 7 

Q1) 

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in

nutrition.

sanitation.

poverty.

education.

Q2) 

The inability to distinguish between one's own perspective and someone else's perspective is known as

animism.

empathy.

egocentrism.

symbolism.

Q3) Short sleep duration in children is linked with being

  1. dyslexic.

  2. myopic.

  3. overweight.

  4. paraplegic.

Q4) From 18 months to 3 years of age, children begin to understand different mental states. Based on Lempers, Flavell, and Flavell (1977), by 2 years of age, a child recognizes that another person will see what's in front of that person's own eyes instead of what's in front of the child's eyes. This mental state is referred to as

  1. perception.

  2. emotion.

  3. desire.

  4. intellect.

According to Kulkarni and others (2021), young children from_____ families are the most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia.

  1. urban

  2. elementary

  3. nuclear

  4. low-income

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for

  1. a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.

  2. the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.

  3. how a child's environment and his or her genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.

  4. the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021), the leading cause of death in young children in 2019 in the United States was

  1. heart disease.

  2. malnutrition.

  3. accidents.

  4. domestic violence.

is based on knowledge of the typical progress of a child within an age span as well as the uniqueness of the child.

  1. The child-centered kindergarten

  2. Developmentally appropriate practice

  3. The Montessori approach

  4. The success-oriented approach

is a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.

  1. The child-centered kindergarten

  2. The Montessori approach

  3. Developmentally appropriate practice

  4. Developmentally inappropriate practice

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n)

  1. nutrition program for young children.

  2. educational program for young children.

  3. program for training kindergarten and elementary school teachers.

  4. parenting education program.

Which of the following should be minimized in order to improve the eating behavior of children

  1. competing activities

  2. a predictable schedule

  3. parents eating healthy food

  4. making mealtimes pleasant occasions

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022) has established categories for weight that are determined by body mass index. Children and adolescents at or above the 97th percentile are classified as

  1. obese.

  2. overweight.

  3. at risk of being overweight.

  4. severely malnourished.

According to Sudo and Matsui (2021),_____ describes several operations, such as inhibition and planning, that are important for flexible, future-oriented behavior and are also connected to theory of mind development.

  1. operational thought

  2. sustained attention

  3. executive function

  4. intuitive reasoning

Children can experience a number of sleep problems—including narcolepsy, which is characterized by

  1. extreme daytime sleepiness.

  2. difficulty in going to sleep.

  3. difficulty in staying asleep.

  4. nightmares.

Which of the following determines the categories of obesity, overweight, and at risk of being overweight?

  1. weight

  2. average number of calories consumed daily

  3. waist-to-hip ratio

  4. body mass index

is the process by which the nerve cells are covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells.

Myelination

According to McClelland, Cameron, and Alonso (2019),_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

  1. salient

  2. relevant

  3. executive

  4. sustained

According to research by Posner and Rothbart (2015), it is during the preschool years that individuals show the greatest increase in

  1. hand-eye coordination.

  2. vigilance.

  3. social skills.

  4. creativity

is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.

  1. Vertical thinking

  2. Centration

  3. Fast mapping

  4. Conservation

Piaget's preoperational stage is so named because he believed that children in this stage of development

  1. cannot yet perform reversible mental actions.

  2. cannot yet form stable concepts.

  3. are unable to reason.

  4. cannot operate electronic devices like televisions.

The two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world:
✅ Ethnic origin and nutrition

A 4-year-old experiencing sleep problems could lead to:
✅ Attention problems

A child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container by 3 years of age. This mental state is known as:
✅ Perception

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education through:
✅ Project Head Start

According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation:
✅ Attention

An umbrella-like concept consisting of higher-level cognitive processes linked to the prefrontal cortex is:
✅ Executive function

Competent early childhood programs should focus:
✅ On cognitive development and socioemotional development

Nurturing is a key aspect of _____, which emphasizes the education of the whole child:
✅ The child-centered kindergarten

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of:
✅ Primitive reasoning

In a Tools of the Mind classroom, _____ has a central role:
✅ Dramatic play

Question 11:
Researchers have found that in children from 3 to 6 years of age, the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobe areas of the brain.
✅ Frontal

Question 12:
Theory of _____ refers to awareness of one's own mental processes and the mental processes of others.
✅ Mind

Question 13:
According to Tomlinson and others (2016), deaths of young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:
✅ With high rates of poverty and low levels of education.

Question 14:
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021), the most common cause of accidental death in young children in 2019 in the United States was:
✅ Drowning.

Question 15:
During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys.
✅ Slightly smaller.

Question 16:
Two current controversies in early childhood education involve:
✅ The curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.

Question 17:
Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) stated that 3- to 4-year-old children should have how many hours of good-quality sleep, including naps, with consistent sleep and wake times?
✅ 10–13

Question 18:
_____ attention is focused and extended engagement with an object, task, event, or other aspect of the environment.
✅ Sustained

Question 19:
Research with the memory-span task suggests that:
✅ Short-term memory increases during early childhood.

Question 20:
Using rehearsal, we can keep information in short-term memory for a much longer period. In this context, rehearsal means:
✅ Repeating information after it has been presented.

The ability of preschool children to control and sustain their attention is related to:
Answer: School readiness and focus.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2022), a person with a body mass index (BMI) at the 84th to 94th percentile is:
Answer: At risk of being overweight.

Vygotsky believed that children construct knowledge through:
Answer: Social interaction.

Scientists have discovered that there are _____ in the brains of children in the 3- to 15-year age range.
Answer: Dramatic changes in local patterns within.

Which of the following refers to teachers' adjustment of their level of support and guidance to the level of the skills of their students?
Answer: Scaffolding.

According to Gauvain and Perez (2015), Vygotsky's view of the importance of _____ in children's development fits with the current belief that it is important to evaluate the contextual factors in learning.
Answer: Sociocultural influences.

By the end of early childhood, girls have more _____ tissue than boys.
Answer: Fatty.

A review of the height and weight of children around the world concluded that there are:
Answer: Ethnic differences among them.

Two current controversies in early childhood education involve:
Answer: The curriculum and universal preschool education in the United States.

The Reggio Emilia approach is a(n):
Answer: Educational program for young children.

Many of the deaths of young children around the world could be prevented by reductions in:
Answer: Poverty.

What are the two most important contributors to height differences among children all over the world?
Answer: Ethnic origin and nutrition.

Research with the memory-span task suggests that:
Answer: Short-term memory increases during early childhood.

According to Rochel Gelman, _____ is especially important in explaining conservation.
Answer: Attention.

According to Tomlinson and others (2016), deaths of young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:
Answer: With high rates of poverty and low levels of education.

_____ is a process that helps to explain how young children learn the connection between a word and its referent so quickly.
Answer: Fast mapping.

During early childhood, girls are _____ than boys.
Answer: Slightly smaller.

Short sleep duration in children is linked with being:
Answer: Overweight.

Children begin to understand three mental states from 18 months to 3 years of age. According to Pratt and Bryant (1990), a child realizes that looking leads to knowing what's inside a container by 3 years of age. This mental state is known as:
Answer: Perception.

In 1965, the federal government began an effort to break the cycle of poverty and substandard education for young children in the United States through:
Answer: Project Head Start.

The second substage of preoperational thought, occurring between approximately 4 and 7 years of age, is characterized by the use of

Question options:

reversible mental actions.

egocentric views.

primitive reasoning.

symbolic thought.

The zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for

Question options:

a young adult's cognitive development achieved through interaction with children.

  1. the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development.

  1. how a child's environment and his or her genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period.

  1. the range of tasks that are too difficult for a child to master alone but can be learned with guidance and assistance from adults or more-skilled children.


Question 1:
Answer: Gender identity
Explanation: Gender identity refers to one's sense of their own gender, including the knowledge and acceptance of being male or female.

Question 2:
Answer: 4 to 7
Explanation: According to Piaget's theory, children between the ages of 4 to 7 are in a transition period, showing features of both the first and second stages of moral reasoning.

Question 3:
Answer: superego
Explanation: According to Freud, the superego is formed when children internalize their parents' standards of right and wrong to reduce anxiety and avoid punishment.

Question 4:
Answer: authoritative parenting
Explanation: Authoritative parenting is characterized by being demanding and controlling but also accepting and responsive to the child's needs.

Question 5:
Answer: authoritative parent
Explanation: An authoritative parent encourages independence but places limits and controls on the child's actions, balancing autonomy with guidance.

Question 6:
Answer: Practice
Explanation: Practice play involves the repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or when physical or mental mastery and coordination of skills are required.

Question 7:
Answer: schema
Explanation: A gender schema organizes the world in terms of female and male, helping individuals categorize and interpret gender-related information.

Question 8:
Answer: Evolutionary
Explanation: Evolutionary psychologists propose that men have developed dispositions over time that favor violence, competition, and risk-taking.

Question 9:
Answer: 15 to 18 months of age
Explanation: Self-awareness typically begins to develop at 15 to 18 months of age, as children start to recognize themselves as distinct individuals.

Question 10:
Answer: constructive play
Explanation: Constructive play involves the self-regulated creation of a product or solution, such as building with blocks or solving puzzles.

Question 11:
Answer: psychoanalytic theory
Explanation: The psychoanalytic theory of gender suggests that a preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent, which plays a role in their gender development.

Question 12:
Answer: child maltreatment
Explanation: Developmentalists increasingly use the term "child maltreatment" to encompass both abuse and neglect.

Question 13:
Answer: 4 to 7
Explanation: From about 4 to 7 years of age, children display heteronomous morality, which is the belief that rules are fixed and unchangeable.

Question 14:
Answer: indulgent parenting
Explanation: Indulgent parenting is more likely to lead to egocentric, domineering, and noncompliant behavior in children due to a lack of boundaries and control.

Question 15:
Answer: 3
Explanation: Around the age of 3, children begin to show a preference for spending time with same-sex playmates.

Question 16:
Answer: Androgens
Explanation: Androgens are hormones that promote the development of male physical sex characteristics, such as the growth of facial hair and deepening of the voice.

Question 17:
Answer: schema
Explanation: A schema is a cognitive structure or network of associations that guides an individual's perceptions and understanding of the world.

Question 18:
Answer: neglectful parenting
Explanation: Neglectful parenting is more likely than the others to lead to social incompetence, truancy, and delinquency in children due to lack of attention, support, and guidance.

Question 19:
Answer: heteronomous morality
Explanation: Heteronomous morality is the first stage of Piaget's theory of moral development, where children view rules as fixed and unchangeable.

Question 20:
Answer: gender schema theory
Explanation: Gender schema theory is one of the three main social theories of gender, which focuses on how children develop gender schemas based on their experiences and observations.

Question 1:
Answer: gonads
Explanation: The gonads (ovaries in females and testes in males) secrete the two main classes of sex hormones: estrogens and androgens.

Question 2:
Answer: 10
Explanation: According to Piaget, children typically show autonomous morality around the age of 10, which involves an understanding that rules can be modified by mutual consent and that intentions matter more than outcomes.

Question 3:
Answer: schemas
Explanation: Children are internally motivated to perceive the world and act in accordance with their developing schemas, which are cognitive frameworks used to organize and interpret information.

Question 4:
Answer: initiative versus guilt
Explanation: According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood (ages 3-6) is "initiative versus guilt," where children learn to initiate activities and assert control over their environment.

Question 5:
Answer: schemas
Explanation: Children develop gender schemas, which are cognitive structures that shape how they perceive the world and what they remember about gender-appropriate and gender-inappropriate behaviors.

Question 6:
Answer: authoritarian
Explanation: A recent study (Krisnana & others, 2019) revealed that the authoritarian parenting style was associated with being a bully perpetrator. This parenting style is characterized by strict control and lack of warmth, which can lead to aggressive behaviors.

Question 7:
Answer: self-understanding
Explanation: In Erikson's portrait of early childhood, the young child begins to develop self-understanding, which is the representation of self and the substance and content of self-conceptions.

Question 8:
Answer: authoritative parenting
Explanation: In authoritative parenting, parents show pleasure and support in response to children's constructive behavior, balancing control with responsiveness.

Question 9:
Answer: Conscience
Explanation: Conscience refers to an internal regulation of standards of right and wrong, involving the integration of moral thought, feeling, and behavior.

Question 10:
Answer: games
Explanation: Games are activities engaged in for pleasure that include rules and often involve competition with one or more individuals.

Question 11:
Answer: the Electra complex
Explanation: The Electra complex refers to the psychoanalytic theory that a preschool girl develops a sexual attraction to her opposite-sex parent (the father) and experiences jealousy or competition with the same-sex parent (the mother).

Question 12:
Answer: roles
Explanation: Gender roles are sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel in a given culture.

Question 13:
Answer: 60
Explanation: According to the Administration for Children & Families (2021), in 2019, 60 percent of maltreated children were neglected.

Question 14:
Answer: moral feelings
Explanation: Moral feelings, such as anxiety and guilt, are often associated with the emotional aspects of moral development, especially when children feel they have violated moral standards.

Question 15:
Answer: testosterone
Explanation: Testosterone is an androgen, a type of hormone that plays a key role in the development of male physical characteristics.

Question 16:
Answer: apprentices
Explanation: According to Thompson, young children are moral apprentices, meaning they are learning and striving to understand what is moral.

Question 17:
Answer: Girls are more likely to act in a reciprocal manner.
Explanation: In same-sex groups, girls are more likely to engage in reciprocal interactions, focusing on cooperative and mutually supportive behavior.

Question 18:
Answer: authoritarian parenting
Explanation: Authoritarian parenting is demanding and controlling, but also rejecting and unresponsive, often leading to a lack of warmth in the parent-child relationship.

Question 19:
Answer: gender schemas
Explanation: Gender schemas fuel gender typing by shaping how children perceive and categorize behaviors, traits, and activities as gender-appropriate or inappropriate.

Question 20:
Answer: have a heterosexual orientation.
Explanation: The overwhelming majority of children from gay or lesbian families have a heterosexual orientation, just like children from heterosexual families.

Question 1:
Answer: typing
Explanation: Gender typing refers to the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.

Question 2:
Answer: conscience
Explanation: According to Erikson, the great governor of initiative is conscience.

Question 3:
Answer: superego
Explanation: According to Freud, the moral element of personality is called the superego.

Question 4:
Answer: the behavioral and social cognitive approaches
Explanation: The behavioral and social cognitive approaches hold that processes like reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behavior.

Question 5:
Answer: acculturation
Explanation: Cultural changes that occur when one culture comes into contact with another are referred to as acculturation.

Question 6:
Answer: Emotion regulation
Explanation: Emotion regulation plays a key role in children's ability to manage demands and conflicts, and it is an important component of executive function.

Question 7:
Answer: the same sex as theirs
Explanation: Children between the ages of 4 and 12 usually prefer to play in same-sex groups.

Question 8:
Answer: women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources
Explanation: According to UNICEF (2022), in most cultures around the world, women have less power and status than men and control fewer resources.

Question 9:
Answer: indulgent parenting
Explanation: Indulgent parents are undemanding and uncontrolling but are accepting and responsive.

Question 10:
Answer: androgens
Explanation: Low levels of androgens in the female embryo allow for the normal development of female sex organs.

Question 11:
Answer: empathy
Explanation: Empathy refers to responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings.

Question 12:
Answer: Emotion-coaching
Explanation: Emotion-coaching parents interact with their children in a less rejecting manner, use more scaffolding and praise, and are more nurturing than emotion-dismissing parents.

Question 13:
Answer: emotion-coaching
Explanation: Children of emotion-coaching parents are better at soothing themselves when upset and have fewer behavior problems than those of emotion-dismissing parents.

Question 14:
Answer: Oedipus complex
Explanation: According to Freud, preschool boys develop a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent in a process called the Oedipus complex.

Question 15:
Answer: perspective taking
Explanation: The ability to discern another's inner psychological state is known as perspective taking.

Question 16:
Answer: estradiol
Explanation: Estradiol is an estrogen, a hormone that plays a role in female sex characteristic development.

Question 17:
Answer: moral development
Explanation: Moral development involves thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about how people should interact with others.

Question 18:
Answer: Estrogens
Explanation: Estrogens promote the development of female physical sex characteristics.

Question 19:
Answer: Stress, substance abuse, and various other factors may contribute to child maltreatment
Explanation: Childhood maltreatment is influenced by various factors such as stress, substance abuse, and others.

Question 20:
Answer: authoritarian parent
Explanation: An authoritarian parent uses a restrictive, punitive style to control the behavior of their children.


A child with an IQ of_____ or higher is considered to be gifted.

  • Answer: 130

Most people who suffer from an organic intellectual disability have IQs between

  • Answer: 0 to 75

Which type of cancer is most prevalent in children?

  • Answer: leukemia

According to Ellen Winner, which of the following refers to a characteristic displayed by gifted children who begin to master an area earlier than their peers?

  • Answer: precocity

Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence?

  • Answer: practical intelligence

Knowledge about memory is known as

  • Answer: metamemory

_____ involves knowing about knowing.

  • Answer: Metacognition

Who created the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

  • Answer: Alfred Binet

_____ develops more rapidly during early childhood, and_____ develops more rapidly during middle and late childhood.

  • Answer: Short-term memory; long-term memory

_____ refers to being alert, mentally present, and cognitively flexible while going through life's everyday activities and tasks.

  • Answer: Mindfulness

Ellen Winner described three criteria that characterize gifted children. Which of the following is one of these criteria?

  • Answer: a passion to master

During the elementary school years, children grow an average of_____ inches a year.

  • Answer: 2 to 3

Researchers suspect which of the following causes for a rise in intelligence test scores around the world?

  • Answer: increasingly levels of education

The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores that has occurred over a short period of time has been called the_____ effect.

  • Answer: Flynn

_____ is a technique in which individuals are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group, play off each other's ideas, and say almost anything that comes to mind that seems relevant to a particular issue.

  • Answer: Brainstorming

Which of the following has been included in the new classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the most recent edition of the DSM?

  • Answer: Asperger syndrome

A recent research review (Jeyanthi, Arumugam, & Parasherr, 2019) concluded that_____ improved the attention of children with ADHD.

  • Answer: physical exercise

A person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA) and multiplied by 100 would indicate that person's

  • Answer: intelligence quotient

Being overweight is defined in relation to a person's

  • Answer: body mass index

The_____-language approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.

  • Answer: whole

 A child with an IQ of_____ or higher is considered to be gifted.

  • Answer: 130

  1. The incidence of cancer in children has_____ in recent years.

    • Answer: had increased survival rates

  2. Mental age (MA) is

    • Answer: an individual's level of mental development relative to others.

  3. When a person thinks reflectively and productively and evaluates evidence, he or she is engaging in

    • Answer: critical thinking.

  4. The_____ is a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated.

    • Answer: least restrictive environment (LRE)

  5. Advances in the_____ of the brain in middle and late childhood are linked to children's_____.

    • Answer: prefrontal cortex; improved attention, reasoning, and cognitive control

  6. Children who have reached the concrete operational stage are capable of_____, which is the ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension, such as length.

    • Answer: seriation

  7. Metacognition helps people to perform many_____ tasks more effectively.

    • Answer: cognitive

  8. _____ is knowledge about language, such as knowing what a preposition is or the ability to discuss the sounds of a language, and it allows children to think about their language, understand what words are, and even define them.

  • Answer: Metalinguistic awareness

  1. Which of the following is a type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner?

  • Answer: intrapersonal

  1. The_____ approach to reading instruction emphasizes the teaching of basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds.

  • Answer: phonics

  1. By the time children are 11 years old, their vocabulary has increased to approximately

  • Answer: 40,000 words.

  1. The_____ not only provide an overall IQ score but also yield several composite indexes that allow the examiner to quickly determine the areas in which a child is strong or weak.

  • Answer: Wechsler scales

  1. Which of the following is the correct definition of intellectual disability?

  • Answer: It is a condition of limited mental ability in which the individual (1) has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test; (2) has difficulty adapting to the demands of everyday life; and (3) first exhibits these characteristics by age 18.

  1. From the following options, identify the disorder or group of disorders that consists of serious, persistent problems involving relationships, aggression, depression, and fears associated with personal or school matters, as well as other inappropriate socioemotional characteristics. Approximately 8 percent of children who have a disability and require an individualized education plan fall into this classification.

  • Answer: emotional and behavioral disorders

  1. _____ is a severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior.

  • Answer: Autistic disorder

  1. _____ thinking characterizes the kind of thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence.

  • Answer: Convergent

  1. Howard Gardner suggests that there are_____ types of intelligence.

  • Answer: eight

  1. Which was the largest group of students with a disability to be served by federal programs and receive special education in the 2019–2020 school year?

  • Answer: students with a specific learning impairment



Question 1:
A recent large-scale study of seventh-graders found that girls’ perception that teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls was linked to:

  • girls having more negative math beliefs and lower math achievement.

  • generally negative attitudes toward teachers.

  • generally negative attitudes toward boys.

  • generally negative attitudes toward each other.

Question 2:
Which of the following types of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

  • subject of sexual comments or gestures

  • subject of rumors

  • belittled about religion or race

  • belittled about looks or speech

Question 3:
The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their _____ status.

  • psychometric

  • socioeconomic

  • popularity

  • sociometric

Question 4:
Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

  • joy

  • fear

  • anger

  • shame

Question 5:
Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance?

  • physical support

  • affection and intimacy

  • ego support

  • social comparison

Question 6:
What is the term used to describe the cognitive process by which people make sense of their social world?

  • social reasoning

  • social cognition

  • social understanding

  • social learning

Question 7:
What does research suggest about the relationship between children’s early attachment and their later relationships with peers?

  • Early attachment has no impact on later relationships with peers.

  • Securely attached children tend to have better peer relationships.

  • Children with insecure attachments are more likely to develop leadership skills.

  • Children with early attachments are likely to remain socially isolated.

Question 8:
Which of the following best describes peer rejection?

  • A situation in which children are actively ignored or excluded by peers.

  • A situation in which children have few friends but are still accepted by the group.

  • A situation in which children are given equal access to social activities.

  • A situation in which children maintain close friendships but have limited social interactions.

Question 9:
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of popular children?

  • They are generally well-liked by their peers.

  • They have strong academic abilities.

  • They tend to be sociable and assertive.

  • They are often chosen as leaders in group settings.

Question 10:
What is the primary difference between instrumental aggression and hostile aggression?

  • Instrumental aggression is planned, while hostile aggression is impulsive.

  • Hostile aggression is motivated by frustration, while instrumental aggression is motivated by goals.

  • Instrumental aggression involves physical violence, while hostile aggression involves verbal conflict.

  • Hostile aggression is aimed at achieving a goal, while instrumental aggression is meant to harm someone.

Question 12:
Which of the following is true of children with high social competence?

  • They tend to have more negative relationships with peers.

  • They are typically more successful in academic settings.

  • They are usually socially isolated and struggle with peer relationships.

  • They have more positive and supportive relationships with peers.

Question 13:
In terms of peer acceptance, which group of children is most likely to experience difficulties in adolescence?

  • Rejected children

  • Popular children

  • Neglected children

  • Controversial children

Question 14:
Which of the following is an example of relational aggression?

  • Spreading rumors about someone to damage their reputation.

  • Physically hitting someone to assert dominance.

  • Stealing someone’s belongings to assert power.

  • Interrupting someone during a conversation to make them feel less important.

Question 15:
Which of the following best describes children who are often overlooked by their peers but do not experience overt rejection?

  • Rejected children

  • Popular children

  • Neglected children

  • Controversial children

Question 16:
A recent large-scale study of seventh-graders found that girls’ perception that teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls was linked to:

  • girls having more negative math beliefs and lower math achievement.

  • generally negative attitudes toward teachers.

  • generally negative attitudes toward boys.

  • generally negative attitudes toward each other.

Question 19:
Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than do females.

  • joy

  • fear

  • anger

  • shame

Question 20:
Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing resources and assistance?

  • physical support

  • affection and intimacy

  • ego support

  • social comparison

Question 1:
Refers to global evaluations of the self.
Answer: Self-esteem.

Question 2:
In the context of domain theory, moral rules are widely accepted, somewhat impersonal, and:
Answer: obligatory.

Question 3:
In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others when they are distressed or in need.
Answer: prosocial.

Question 4:
Popular children:
Answer: are frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by their peers.

Question 5:
_____ is characterized by self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughts.
Answer: Intimacy in friendships.

Question 6:
The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:
Answer: self-efficacy.

Question 7:
_____ is also called self-worth or self-image.
Answer: Self-esteem.

Question 8:
According to research, in which of the following areas do girls exhibit better skills than boys?
Answer: verbal skills.

Question 9:
Which of the following functions of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?
Answer: stimulation.

Question 10:
Erik Erikson's fourth stage of development, which appears during middle and late childhood, is called:
Answer: industry versus inferiority.

Question 11:
One area of math that boys are found to be better at is:
Answer: visuospatial skills.

Question 12:
Individuals with a(n) _____ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort.
Answer: growth.

Question 13:
Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:
Answer: better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood.

Question 14:
Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets—namely, a fixed mindset or a _____ mindset.
Answer: growth.

Question 15:
Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried.
Answer: one-third.

Question 16:
Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a _____ approach.
Answer: direct instruction.

Question 17:
In the context of the five peer statuses distinguished by developmentalists, _____ are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.
Answer: controversial children.

Question 18:
According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?
Answer: neglected children.

Question 19:
In a recent study (Laursen & others, 2020), being _____ was found to be an important component of peer popularity.
Answer: a fun person to be around.

Question 20:
In the context of parent-child relationships, the major shift to autonomy with regard to children does not occur until about age _____ or later.
Answer: 12.

  1. Children with superior talent for something are called:

    • Gifted

  2. The type of thinking that produces many answers to the same question is called _____ thinking. This kind of thinking characterizes creativity:

    • Divergent

  3. The approach to reading instruction that emphasizes the teaching of basic rules for translating written symbols into sounds is:

    • Phonics

  4. The setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated is called the:

    • Least restrictive environment (LRE)

  5. The condition of limited mental ability in which the individual has a low IQ (usually below 70), has difficulty adapting to everyday life, and first exhibits these characteristics by age 18 is called:

    • Intellectual disability

  6. A severe developmental disorder that has its onset in the first three years of life and includes deficiencies in social relationships, abnormalities in communication, and restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior is called:

    • Autistic disorder

  7. The worldwide increase in intelligence test scores over a short period of time has been called the:

    • Flynn effect

  8. A type of intelligence identified by Howard Gardner is:

    • Intrapersonal

  9. A recent study revealed that peak thickness of the cerebral cortex occurs _____ in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD:

    • Three years later

  10. A disability in which children consistently show inattentiveness, hyperactivity, and/or impulsivity over a period of time is called:

  • ADHD

  1. According to Ellen Winner, a characteristic displayed by gifted children who begin to master an area earlier than their peers is:

  • Precocity

  1. A written statement that spells out a program that is specifically tailored for a student with a disability is called:

  • Individualized Education Plan (IEP)

  1. Who created the concept of intelligence quotient (IQ)?

  • William Stern

  1. A suspected cause for the rise in intelligence test scores around the world is:

  • Increasing levels of education

  1. The ability to "know about knowing" is called:

  • Metacognition

  1. A type of intelligence identified in Robert J. Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence is:

  • Practical intelligence

  1. A recent research review concluded that _____ improved the attention of children with ADHD:

  • Physical exercise

  1. Thinking that is required on conventional tests of intelligence is called:

  • Convergent thinking

  1. Which condition has been included in the new classification of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the most recent edition of the DSM?

  • Asperger syndrome

  1. The belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes is called:

  • Self-efficacy

  1. The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their _____ status:

  • Sociometric

  1. Peer competence in middle and late childhood has been linked to:

  • Better relationships with coworkers in early adulthood

  1. Only _____ of stepfamily couples stay remarried:

  • One-third

  1. An analysis of stepfamilies found that _____ percent of children in stepfamilies show adjustment problems:

  • 25%

  1. Which function of friendship involves providing encouragement and feedback, helping children maintain an impression of themselves as competent, attractive, and worthwhile individuals?

  • Ego support

  1. The extent to which children are liked or disliked by their peer group is called their:

  • Sociometric status

  1. In 2020, the abrupt emergence of the worldwide spread of _____ increased stress and anxiety levels of many adults and children:

  • COVID-19

  1. Individuals with a(n) _____ mindset believe their qualities can change and improve through their own effort:

  • Growth mindset

  1. Which term refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self?

  • Self-concept

  1. Which type of bullying is experienced more frequently by boys than girls?

  • Belittled about religion or race

  1. According to developmentalists, which of the following is a peer status among children?

  • Neglected children

  1. Individuals who _____ have the moral personality, identity, character, and set of virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment:

  • Are characterized as moral exemplars

  1. In terms of _____ behavior, taking another's perspective improves children's likelihood of understanding and sympathizing with others:

  • Prosocial

  1. Males report experiencing and expressing more _____ than females:

  • Anger

  1. In the context of peer statuses, _____ are frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked:

  • Controversial children

  1. Which function of friendship involves providing interesting information, excitement, and amusement?

  • Stimulation

  1. A recent study of seventh-graders found that girls’ perception that teachers had gendered expectations favoring boys over girls was linked to:

  • More negative math beliefs and lower math achievement

  1. _____ is also called self-worth or self-image:

  • Self-esteem

  1. Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets—either a fixed mindset or a _____ mindset:

  • Growth

  1. Broad categories that reflect general impressions and beliefs about males and females (e.g., "boys play with trucks, girls play with dolls") are known as gender:

  • Stereotypes

  1. The increased capacity for self-regulation in middle and late childhood is linked to advances in the:

  • Brain’s prefrontal cortex

  1. Educational experts agree that students with a disability in reading or writing will do best in a _____ approach:

  • Direct instruction

  1. Middle childhood is a period in which some control is transferred from parent to child. This process is gradual and produces:

  • Coregulation

  1. In a recent study, being _____ was found to be an important component of peer popularity:

  • A fun person to be around

  1. According to Erik Erikson, the psychosocial stage that characterizes early childhood is:

  • Initiative vs. Guilt

  1. The belief that children should be encouraged to explore their world and discover knowledge with the guidance and support of teachers is central to the _____ approach to learning:

  • Constructivist

  1. Which parenting style is undemanding and uncontrolling but also rejecting and unresponsive?

  • Neglectful parenting