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Endocrine System

Major structure

  • Adrenal Glands

  • Gonads

  • Male :Testicles

  • Female:Ovaries

  • Pancreatic Islets

  • Parathyroid

  • Glands

  • Pineal Glands

  • Pituitary Glands

  • Thymus

  • Thyroid Glands


The primary function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Hormones

  • They are chemical messengers that are secreted by the endocrine glands in the blood stream reaching target cell and organs

  • Regulate activities of specific cells and organs

    13 Major glands

  • (2) Adrenal glands , (2) Gonads , (1) Pituitary glands, (1) Pineal Glands , (1) thyroid Gland , (4) Parathyroid Glands , (1) Thymus and (1) Pancreas


Pituitary glands

Secrets hormones controlling the activity of other endocrine glands

Responds to stimuli from neurohormones to maintain an appropriate level of hormones

  • Secretion of Pituitary Glands : Anterior Lobe

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates growth/ secretion of the adrenal cortex

  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH) - Stimulates secretions of estrogens and growth of the ova in the ovaries in female and the stimulates production of sperm in the testicles of male

  • Growth Hormone (GH) - Regulate growth of bone , muscle , and other body tissues. It’s also know as somatotropic hormones

  • Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) - stimulates and maintains secretion of breast milk in mother after child

  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- stimulates ovulation in females and stimulates secretion of testosterone in males

  • Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) - Increases production of melanin , causing darkening of skin

  • Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Stimulates secretion of hormones by the thyroid

    Secretion Pituitary Glands : Posterior Lobe

  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- Secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland and helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water excreted through the kidneys

  • Oxytocin (OXT) - Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth , controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands


The Pineal Gland

  • Functions and Secretions - Secretions influence sleep -wakefulness cycle also called circadian cycle and Melatonin is the hormone responsible for this cycle


The Thyroid Glands

Regulates body metabolism , influences growth and functioning of nervous system

  • Secretions - Two primary hormones regulate metabolic rate and affect growth and rate of function of many body systems

  • (Thyroxine (T4)&(T3)Triiodothyronine)

  • Rate of secretion controlled by TSH produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland


The Parathyroid Glands

Regulate calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) -Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues. Higher-than-normal level of parathyroid hormone can increase calcium levels in the blood by mobilizing the release of calcium stored in bones and teeth .


Thymus

  • Helps develop immune system before birth and in childhood .Reduced function after puberty as it turns into fatty tissues

  • Thymosin -Stimulates maturation lymphocytes into T cells


Pancreas

  • The Pancreatic islets are those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

  • An islets is a small isolated mass, or island, of one type of tissue within a larger mass of a different type

  • The pancreatic islets controls blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism through the body .

    Secretions of the pancreatic islets

  • Glucose- which is a basic form of energy used by the body

  • Glucagon - Hormone secreted by alpha cells in response to low levels of blood glucose . It also increases glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen into glucose to be released into the blood stream

  • Insulin - Hormone secreted by beta cells in response to high levels of blood glucose. Allows glucose to enter cells to be used as energy and it also stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage when additional glucose is not needed .


The Adrenal Glands

  • Adrenal cortex- Outer portion

  • Adrenal medulla - Middle portion

    The adrenal glands control electrolyte levels within the body and helps regulate metabolism and interactions with sympathy nervous system in response to stress

    Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex-

  • Androgens- sex hormones secreted by gonads , adrenal cortex and fat cells

  • Corticosteroids-( Steroid hormones )Aldosterone regulates sodium and water levels by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium by the kidneys . Cortisol has anti-inflammation action

Secretions of Adrenal Medulla

  • Epinephrine - stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to the physical injury or mental stress

  • Norepinephrine - Released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system


Gonads

  • Gamete-producing glands

  • Ovaries in female

  • Testicles in males

  • Gamete = reproductive cell

    Secret hormones responsible for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics that develop puberty

  • Precocious puberty- Early onset of the changes of puberty , usually before age 8in girls and age 9 in boys ( precocious means exceptionally early in development)

    Secretion of Gonads

  • Estrogen -Secreted by ovaries , important to development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle

  • Progesterone-Released during second half of the menstrual cycle

  • Gonadotropin - Any hormone that stimulates the gonads

  • Androgens - Primarily testosterone, secreted by gonads , adrenal cortex , and fat cells . Promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

  • Testosterone- Steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex and stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics

  • Estrogen and testosterone are present in male and females both but in different amounts depending on the gender


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Endocrine System

Major structure

  • Adrenal Glands

  • Gonads

  • Male :Testicles

  • Female:Ovaries

  • Pancreatic Islets

  • Parathyroid

  • Glands

  • Pineal Glands

  • Pituitary Glands

  • Thymus

  • Thyroid Glands

The primary function of the endocrine system is to produce hormones that work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis refers to the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Hormones

  • They are chemical messengers that are secreted by the endocrine glands in the blood stream reaching target cell and organs

  • Regulate activities of specific cells and organs

    13 Major glands

  • (2) Adrenal glands , (2) Gonads , (1) Pituitary glands, (1) Pineal Glands , (1) thyroid Gland , (4) Parathyroid Glands , (1) Thymus and (1) Pancreas

Pituitary glands

Secrets hormones controlling the activity of other endocrine glands

Responds to stimuli from neurohormones to maintain an appropriate level of hormones

  • Secretion of Pituitary Glands : Anterior Lobe

  • Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stimulates growth/ secretion of the adrenal cortex

  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormones (FSH) - Stimulates secretions of estrogens and growth of the ova in the ovaries in female and the stimulates production of sperm in the testicles of male

  • Growth Hormone (GH) - Regulate growth of bone , muscle , and other body tissues. It’s also know as somatotropic hormones

  • Lactogenic Hormone (LTH) - stimulates and maintains secretion of breast milk in mother after child

  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- stimulates ovulation in females and stimulates secretion of testosterone in males

  • Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH) - Increases production of melanin , causing darkening of skin

  • Thyroid -Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - Stimulates secretion of hormones by the thyroid

    Secretion Pituitary Glands : Posterior Lobe

  • Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- Secreted by hypothalamus and stored in pituitary gland and helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water excreted through the kidneys

  • Oxytocin (OXT) - Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth , controls postnatal hemorrhage and stimulates flow of milk from mammary glands

The Pineal Gland

  • Functions and Secretions - Secretions influence sleep -wakefulness cycle also called circadian cycle and Melatonin is the hormone responsible for this cycle

The Thyroid Glands

Regulates body metabolism , influences growth and functioning of nervous system

  • Secretions - Two primary hormones regulate metabolic rate and affect growth and rate of function of many body systems

  • (Thyroxine (T4)&(T3)Triiodothyronine)

  • Rate of secretion controlled by TSH produced by anterior lobe of pituitary gland

The Parathyroid Glands

Regulate calcium levels.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) -Works with calcitonin to regulate calcium levels in the blood and tissues. Higher-than-normal level of parathyroid hormone can increase calcium levels in the blood by mobilizing the release of calcium stored in bones and teeth .

Thymus

  • Helps develop immune system before birth and in childhood .Reduced function after puberty as it turns into fatty tissues

  • Thymosin -Stimulates maturation lymphocytes into T cells

Pancreas

  • The Pancreatic islets are those parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions

  • An islets is a small isolated mass, or island, of one type of tissue within a larger mass of a different type

  • The pancreatic islets controls blood glucose levels and glucose metabolism through the body .

    Secretions of the pancreatic islets

  • Glucose- which is a basic form of energy used by the body

  • Glucagon - Hormone secreted by alpha cells in response to low levels of blood glucose . It also increases glucose level by stimulating liver to convert glycogen into glucose to be released into the blood stream

  • Insulin - Hormone secreted by beta cells in response to high levels of blood glucose. Allows glucose to enter cells to be used as energy and it also stimulates liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage when additional glucose is not needed .

The Adrenal Glands

  • Adrenal cortex- Outer portion

  • Adrenal medulla - Middle portion

    The adrenal glands control electrolyte levels within the body and helps regulate metabolism and interactions with sympathy nervous system in response to stress

    Secretions of the Adrenal Cortex-

  • Androgens- sex hormones secreted by gonads , adrenal cortex and fat cells

  • Corticosteroids-( Steroid hormones )Aldosterone regulates sodium and water levels by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium by the kidneys . Cortisol has anti-inflammation action

Secretions of Adrenal Medulla

  • Epinephrine - stimulates sympathetic nervous system in response to the physical injury or mental stress

  • Norepinephrine - Released as a hormone by adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by sympathetic nervous system

Gonads

  • Gamete-producing glands

  • Ovaries in female

  • Testicles in males

  • Gamete = reproductive cell

    Secret hormones responsible for development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics that develop puberty

  • Precocious puberty- Early onset of the changes of puberty , usually before age 8in girls and age 9 in boys ( precocious means exceptionally early in development)

    Secretion of Gonads

  • Estrogen -Secreted by ovaries , important to development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of menstrual cycle

  • Progesterone-Released during second half of the menstrual cycle

  • Gonadotropin - Any hormone that stimulates the gonads

  • Androgens - Primarily testosterone, secreted by gonads , adrenal cortex , and fat cells . Promote development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

  • Testosterone- Steroid hormone secreted by testicles and adrenal cortex and stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics

  • Estrogen and testosterone are present in male and females both but in different amounts depending on the gender