Stress

Stress Response Overview

• Stress triggers the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

• The HPA axis is a complex set of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands, crucial in the stress response.

Hormonal Release During Stress

• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

  • Released from the hypothalamus during stress.

  • Initiates the release of related hormones.

• Corticotropin (ACTH)

  • Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol.

  • Key hormone in the body's stress response.

• Cortisol

  • Released from the adrenal cortex located in adrenal gland

  • Known as a stress hormone, it helps manage how the body responds to stress.

• Besides cortisol, other hormones released from the adrenal cortex include:

  • Aldosterone

    • Responsible for regulating sodium and water balance in the kidneys.

    • Affects sodium levels first, prompting water to follow.

    • Note: Aldosterone does not directly regulate water.

  • Androgens

    • Contribute to the development of male characteristics and are involved in various physiological processes.

Effects of Stress

• Stress can have damaging effects on both physical and mental health.

• Stress activate adrenal medulla that increase sympathetic hormone( epinephrine &noirephrine)

  • Heart rate: Stress activates an increased heart rate, contributing to heightened blood pressure.

  • Blood pressure: A direct impact from stress response, leading to potential long-term health issues.

  • Body temperature: Stress can cause fluctuations in body temperature levels.

Stress During Pregnancy

• Stress is particularly harmful during pregnancy.

  • Pregnant women often experience stress, underscoring the need for support.

  • Impacts on fetal development and maternal health highlight the significance of managing stress.