Etiological Perspectives Study Notes

Chapter 2: Etiological Perspectives
Theoretical Foundations

  • Etiology: Study of causes of childhood disorders; considers biological, psychological, environmental interactions.

  • Emphasis on multiple, interactive causes rather than one-dimensional models.

Underlying Assumptions

  • Abnormal development is multiply determined; children and environments dynamically interact (transactional view).

  • Development shows continuities (gradual changes) and discontinuities (abrupt changes).

Integrative Approach

  • No single theory explains all behaviors or disorders; a multi-theoretical perspective is necessary.

Developmental Considerations

  • Adaptational failure: Inability to master developmental milestones.

  • Early adaptation evolves into higher-order functions, influenced by prior accomplishments.

  • Sensitive periods enhance environmental impact on development.

  • Development involves differentiation, integration, and a hierarchical process.

Developmental Psychopathology Perspective

  • Focus on developmental processes and tasks affecting adaptive/maladaptive development; requires normative behavior as context.

  • Multidisciplinary approach essential.

Biological Perspectives

  • Neurobiological perspective: Brain/nervous system functions underpin psychological disorders; neural plasticity impacted by experiences.

  • Genetic factors: Individual genome established at conception; genes influence environmental responses.

Neurobiological Contributions

  • Brain areas regulate varied functions and behaviors; the forebrain's complexity aids emotional regulation and cognitive functions.

  • Endocrine system's hormones link to mood and anxiety disorders.

  • Neurotransmitters (e.g., serotonin, dopamine) are crucial in psychopathology.

Psychological Perspectives

  • Emotions: Core to psychological experience; alert to danger and guide behavior.

  • Emotion regulation: Challenges arise from poor or maladaptive control.

  • Temperament: Early behavioral styles shape individual approaches to environments.

Behavioral and Cognitive Influences

  • Behavior explained through applied behavior analysis; considers antecedents and consequences.

  • Classical conditioning: Associates neutral stimuli with unconditioned stimuli; social cognition influences behavior understanding.

Family, Social, & Cultural Perspectives

  • Environmental Contexts: Proximal vs. distal events impact development; shared vs. non-shared environments affect sibling behaviors.

  • Attachment theory (Bowlby): Emotional bonds form basis for behavior regulation; different attachment types influence relationship models.