(7) CONGRESS: The Senate and the House of Representatives [AP Gov Review, Unit 2 Topic 1 (2.1)]

Introduction to Congress

  • Congress of the United States: Structure, powers, and functions.

  • Bicameral legislature: Composed of two houses.

  • Contrasts with Articles of Confederation, which had one house.

Structure of Congress

The Senate

  • Each state has 2 senators: total of 100 senators.

  • Senators must be at least 30 years old and serve 6-year terms.

  • Seen as a more mature body to be insulated from public pressure.

  • Senators represent entire states and deal with broad issues.

The House of Representatives

  • Representation based on state population.

  • Every state has at least one representative; total is capped at 435.

  • Representatives must be at least 25 years old and serve 2-year terms.

  • More responsive to public opinion due to shorter term lengths and proximity to constituents.

  • Less likelihood of bipartisan coalitions due to short terms.

Purpose of Congress

  • Embodies the legislative branch: sole entity that can make laws.

  • Bills must pass through both houses in identical forms before reaching the president.

Functions of Congress

Law Making Process

  • Involves extensive debate: different rules in each house.

  • Senate allows for unlimited debate; House restricts debate time to one hour per member.

  • Size and structure affect forms of debate: Senate is more informal, House is more structured.

Powers of Congress

Enumerated Powers (Article 1, Section 8)

  1. Pass a federal budget: Complex negotiation process;

  2. Raise revenue through taxation: Major source is income tax;

  3. Coin money: Ensures uniform currency;

  4. Declare war: Represents the people's authority to go to war;

  5. Raise and maintain armed forces: Prevents presidential tyranny.

Implied Powers

  • Powers not explicitly stated but allowed under the Necessary and Proper Clause.

  • Enables Congress to enact laws considered necessary and proper for executing enumerated powers.

  • Used to address diverse issues over time (economic, environmental, social).

Conclusion

  • Understanding Congress's structure, functions, and powers is crucial for comprehending the legislative process in the United States.