Page 1:

• The Science of Psychology

• Immediate and Delayed Forgetting

  • Forgetting rates: 8% and 20%

• Careers in Psychology

  • Clinical psychologists

  • Counselling psychologists

  • Educational psychologists

  • Forensic psychologists

  • Health psychologists

  • Neuropsychologists

  • Occupational psychologists

  • Research and teaching in higher education

• Philosophical Background of Psychology

  • Foundations in philosophy

  • Aristotle, Plato, and Descartes initiated interest in psychology

Page 2:

• Rene Descartes

  • Meditations on First Philosophy

  • Dualism - separation of mind and body

  • The "Malevolent Demon"

  • The Brain in the Vat!

• Wilhelm Wundt - Structuralism

  • Used introspection to break down consciousness into its component parts

  • Established the first experimental laboratory in 1879

  • Subjective bias in reports was a concern

Page 3:

• William James - Functionalism

  • Wrote Principles of Psychology

  • Influenced by Darwin's theory of evolution

  • Looked at the function of organisms to understand behavior

• Perspectives in Psychology

  1. Behaviourism

  • Scientific study of behavior

  • Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner

  • Reacted against subjective bias in structuralism and functionalism

  2. Cognitive

  • Scientific study of mental processes

  • Ebbinghaus and the cognitive revolution

  3. Humanistic

  • Rogers and Maslow

  • Emphasis on the individual as an organism that responds to stimuli

  • Free-will and focus on needs and goals

  4. Psychodynamic

  • Freud and Jung

  • Unconscious motivating forces and the human personality

  5. Biological

  • Broca and Wernicke

  • Behavior and mental processes tied to physical causes

  6. Evolutionary

  • Darwin, Dawkins, and Wilson

  • Behavior determined by genes and reproductive purpose

Page 4:

• Ivan Pavlov

  • Classical Conditioning

  • Conditioned stimulus (CS), unconditioned stimulus (US), conditioned response (CR), unconditioned response (UR)

• Operant Conditioning

  • Skinner

  • Behavior shaped by consequences (reinforcement and punishment)

Page 5:

• Cognitive

  • Early memory research by Ebbinghaus

  • Study of mental processes

  • Reduction of subjective bias through control procedures

• Humanistic

  • Rogers and Maslow

  • Emphasis on the individual as an organism with needs and goals

  • Client-centered therapy and hierarchy of needs

Page 6:

• Psychodynamic

  • Freud and Jung

  • Unconscious motivating forces and the human personality

  • Criticisms of difficulty in testing and far-fetched notions

• Biological

  • Broca and Wernicke

  • Behavior and mental processes traced to physical causes

• Evolutionary

  • Darwin, Dawkins, and Wilson

  • Behavior determined by genes and reproductive purpose

Page 7:

• Biological

  • Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke

  • Behavior and mental processes tied to activity in the brain

• Evolutionary

  • Darwin, Dawkins, and Wilson

  • Behavior determined by genes and reproductive purpose

  • Sociobi