LAB midterm

Lab Safety

hazards :: uneven ground, weather/elements, animal behavior, facility (doors, gates)

proper lab attire :: closed toed shoes, jeans (no rips)

Equipment

branding iron ::

hot shot ::

tattoo gun ::

emasculatome ::

metal ear tagger ::

halter ::

newberry castration knife ::

rope halter ::

allflex ear tagger ::

balling gun ::

drenching gun ::

california mastitis test ::

CIDR applicator ::

allflex ear tag ::

elastrator ::

weight tape ::

rumen magnet ::

nose tongs ::

paint stick ::

colostrum supplement ::

electrolyte supplement ::

metal ear tag ::

california band ::

scrotal tape ::

trocar ::

obstetrical chain and handle ::

barnes dehorner ::

scoop dehorner ::

electric dehorner ::

dehorner ::

Breeds of Beef Cattle

Swine Production

top swine-producing country & state :: China & Iowa

visual traits of distinguishment :: hair color & ear position (droopy vs erect)

maternal traits :: number born, number weaned, 21-day litter weight

sire traits :: age at market weight, ADG, carcass quality

objective measurements :: sow productivity, growth, FE, carcass traits, structural soundness

carcass traits :: fat depth over the loin at 10th rib, loin muscle area, carcass muscling score

structural soundness ::ability to withstand rigors of confinement rearing and breeding

feeder-pig production :: producer maintains a breeding her and produces pigs for sale (birth to wean)

feeder-pig finishing :: feeder pigs are purchased and then fed to slaughter weight (wean to slaughter)

farrow-to-finish :: producer maintains a breed herd, pigs are produced and fed to slaughter weight (birth to slaughter)

purebred/seedstock operation :: similar to farrow-to-finish, sale product is primarily breeding boars & gilts

environmentally controlled buildings :: pigs remain inside, adequate ventilation

open-front buildings :: pigs can go outside

pasture production :: pigs remain outside

pig processing :: disinfect navel, clip tips of 8 needle teeth, supplemental iron, tail docking, castration

Breeds of Swine

Yorkshire :: color = white, ears = erect, origin = england

Yorkshire Desirable Traits :: good maternal traits, long-bodied, growth rates, libido of boards

Yorkshire Undesirable Traits :: excessive fat, light muscling, less hardy

Duroc :: color - golden to deep brick red, ears = drooped, origin = usa

Duroc Desirable Traits :: growth rates, FE

Duroc Undesirable Traits :: mothers wean smaller litters, problems with soundness, boars lack libido

Hampshire :: color = black w white belt that covers front legs, ears = erect, origin = southern england

Hampshire Desirable Traits :: meaty & muscular, very sound

Hampshire Undesirable Traits :: boars lack libido, small litters, low growth rate

Landrace :: color = white, ears = large & drooped, origin = denmark

Landrace Desirable Traits :: libido of boars, heavy milkers, long-bodied, soundness

Landrace Undesirable Traits :: carcass lacks muscling, fragile, stress susceptible

Spotted :: color = black & white spotted, ears = drooped, origin = usa

Spotted Desirable Traits :: growth rate, FE, libido of boars, hardy

Spotted Undesirable Traits :: maternal characteristics, cacass characteristics

Berkshire :: color = black w white points (feet, nose, tail), ears = erect, origin = england

Berkshire Desirable Traits :: soundness, meat quality

Berkshire Undesirable Traits :: short-bodied, poor maternal characteristics, FE

Chester White :: color = white, ears = drooped, origin = usa

Chester White Desirable Traits :: maternal characteristics, libido, muscular carcasses

Chester White Undesirable Traits :: short-bodied, low ADG

Poland China :: color = balck with white markings (face, legs, tail), ears = drooped, origin = usa

Poland China Desirable Traits :: carcass characteristics

Poland China Undesirable Traits :: FE, slow growth rate, short-bodied, poor maternal characteristics

Sheep Production

top sheep-producing country & state :: China & Texas

uses of wool :: absorb moisture, fire resistant, shrink when wet, itchy

fleece :: wool shorn at one time from all parts of the sheep

shearing :: the process of removing the fleece

staple length :: the length of the wool fibers

fineness :: the diameter of wool fibers

hank :: 560 yards of yarn (measures fineness)

crimp :: waves or kinks in the wool fiber (# waves/unit of length)

what does class measure :: staple length

what does grade measure :: fineness (avg diameter of fibers)

The American System :: percentage of Merino blood in the animal (not very exact)

Spinning Count System :: # of hanks of yarn that can be spun from 1lb of clean wool (larger number = finer wool)

The Micron System :: individual fibers are measured (

open face :: no wool grows around or below the eyes

closed face :: wool grows around or below the eyes

farm-flock :: midwest & west coast, usually result in more lambs per ewe

range-flock :: western states, publice & private rangelands, predators including coyotes

meat : finish at 90-120 days weighing 120-130 lbs

lamb meat :: under 1 year of age

mutton meat :: over 1 year of age

2 piece break joint :: lamb break joint

1 piece break joint :: mutton break joint

factors that effect reproduction :: crossbred ewes, mature ewes, shorter daylength, low temperature

types of identification :: tattoos, ear tags, paint branding, ear notching

Breeds of Sheep

Rambouillet :: most popular sheep breed in usa, larger of the sheep breeds (cream to white color, wool on legs, rams usually horned)

Merino :: most popular breed in the world, softest & finest (cream color, horned or polled in both sexes, horns curl tightly to head)

Dorset :: popular in farm flocks, very fertile, heavy milk production (white color, wool on legs, horned or polled)

Suffolk :: most popular purebred breed in usa, largest breed in usa (cream body, black head & legs, no wool on legs)

Hampshire :: common terminal sire, similar to suffolk (open faced, white body, dark brown face & legs, wool on head & legs)

Southdown :: one of the oldest breeds, excellent carcass quality (closed face, solid white color, compact & blocky appearance)

Cheviot :: hardy, withstand harsh conditions (open faced, small, low set, alert appearance, puffball when covered in wool)

Polypay :: 4 breed cross of Targhee x Dorset & Rambouillet x Finnsheep, superior in production & carcass quality (white color, open face)

Columbia :: dual purpose breed, Lincoln x Rambouillet, 1st breed developed in usa, hardy (white color, open faced, wool on legs)

Targhee :: similar to Columbia, fine wool, tighter fleece, good flocking instinct (cream color, open face, wool on legs)

Finnsheep :: originated in finland, poor carcass conformation, 2-4 lambs each lambing, early puberty (open face, no wool on legs, white color, sometimes black color)

Beef Production

top beef-producing country & state :: Brazil, Texas

commercial :: operations where animals are bred and raised for slaughter

cow-calf :: operator raises calf from birth to weaning

stocker-yearling :: operator raises calf from weaning to slaughter

feedlot :: operator raises calf from birth to slaughter

purebred/seedstock :: sell bulls to commercial producers, heifers to purebred producers, and semen for AI

economically important traits :: weaning weight, reproductive performance, feed efficiency, carcass merit

reproductive performance :: highest economic importance, low heritability, birth weight & scrotal circumference is highly heritable

improving reproductive performance :: improve environment, use bulls with light birth weight and large scrotal circumference

weaning weight :: reflects the milking and mothering ability of the cow and the preweaning growth rate of the calf (205-day weight)

feed efficiency :: lbs of feed required for 1 lb of gain

carcass merit :: measured by quality (palatibility) and yeild grade (1-5)

longevity :: the length of productive life

conformation :: the form, shape, and visual appearance of an animal

expected progeny differences (EPDs) :: report birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, intramuscular fat (compare to breed avg)

replacement heifers :: concieve early in the season, calve easy, good milk supply, wean heavy calves

ruminant :: four stomachs (rumen, reticulum, omasum, & abomasum)

visual ID :: human recording error and time delay

electronic ID :: coordinates sources ID, allows backtracking, records automatically

tattoo :: herd number inside ear in case tag falls out

branding :: freeze or hot brand, substantiate ownership

preventing disease :: proper nutrition, record keeping, sanitation, vaccination

biosecurity :: control disease within a herd, control pests/dead animals, disinfection

detecting unhealthy animals :: loss of appetite, listlessness, droopy ears, isolated

Breeds of Beef Cattle

breed :: share similar characteristics

dam traits :: traits related to raising healthy offspring (fertility, calving ease, milk production)

sire traits :: traits related to growth, size, and muscling (rate of gain, ribeye area, feed efficiency)

Bos taurus :: developed to perform in temperate climates, primarily from Great Britain and Western Europe, selected mostly for beef or milk production

Bos indicus :: developed to perform in hot, tropical climates, primarily from India and Southeast Asia, selected for draft power and beef

british breeds (Bos taurus) :: 1,000-1,500 lbs, market faster, high fertility, easy calving, used for dam traits in breeding

Angus (british) :: scotland, black in color (red is recessive), naturally polled, most popular beef breed

Angus Desirable Traits :: high carcass quality, add marbling quickly, high fertility, easy calving, dark pigment prevents cancer eye, good in crossbreeding programs

Angus Undesirable Traits :: slightly nervous, not overly cold tolerant, difficulty with bulls in breeding programs, dark coat in hot climates

Red Angus (british) :: usa, same as Angus (red is recessive gene), naturally polled

Hereford (british) :: england, red body w white extremities, originally naturally horned, now natually polled & horned

Hereford Desirable Traits :: good on an open range, hardy in cold weather, moderate size, excellent libido (bulls), high fertility w limited feed, good disposition

Hereford Undesirable Traits :: low milk production, large teats, light color around eyes (cancer eye), wasteful external fat, don’t marble well

Shorthorn (british) :: england, differing color (red, roan, or white), horned or poller (horns are short & downward), “utility” breed

Shorthorn Desirable Traits :: easy calving, good disposition, moderate size, good cross for other breeds

Shorthorn Undesirable Traits :: patchy finish (fat disposition), light muscling, poor carcass quality

exotic breeds (Bos taurus) :: 1,200-1,400 lbs, market slower, heavy muscling, calving issues, lower fertility, used for sire traits in breeding

Charolais (exotic) :: france, creamy white color, horned or polled

Charolais Desirable Traits :: heavy muscling, rapid growth rate, desirable yeild grade

Charolais Undesirable Traits :: low fertility, low milk production

Simmental (exotic) :: switzerland, yellow to red to white, predominantly horned, triple purpose breed (milk, meat, draft)

Simmental Desirable Traits :: high milk production, rapid growth rate, good sire and dam traits

Simmental Undesirable Traits :: calving difficulties (high birth weight), nutrition-related fertility problems

Limousin (exotic) :: france, golden red to light yellow, horned or polled

Limousin Desirable Traits :: highest yeilding carcass, easy calving, good sire and dam traits

Limousin Undesirable Traits :: slow avg daily gain, nervous disposition, low sperm production, low milk production

Gelbvieh (exotic) :: austria/west germany, yellow to golden red, horned or polled

Gelbvieh Desirable Traits :: rapid growth, good dam traits, good carcass characteristics

Gelbvieh Undesirable Traits :: calving difficulty, thick front end (heavy dewlap and neck)

Brahman :: se asia, white to gray, horned, droopy ears/loose skin/deep sheath, several breed variants

Brahman Desirable Traits :: heat tolerant, parasite tolerant, good for Bos taurus crossing

Brahman Undesirable Traits :: nervous disposition, tough meat, pendulous sheath

Santa Gertrudis :: usa, red, horned and polled, 5/8 shorthorn & 3/8 brahman

Santa Gertrudis Desirable Traits :: rapid growth, good milk production, good sire and dam traits

Santa Gertrudis Undesirable Traits :: low fertility, lack of muscle

Brangus :: usa, black, polled, 5/8 angus & 3/8 brahman

Brangus Desirable Traits :: good milk production, high fertility

Brangus Undesirable Traits :: primarily a dam breed

Brangus ::

Santa Gertrudis ::

Brahman ::

Gelbvieh ::

Limousin ::

Simmental ::

Charolais ::

Commercial Crossbred (brockle face) ::

Shorthorn ::

Polled Hereford ::

Hereford ::

Red Angus ::

Angus ::

Finnsheep ::

Targhee ::

Columbia ::

Polypay ::

Cheviot ::

Southdown ::

Hampshire (sheep) ::

Suffolk ::

Dorset ::

Merino ::

Rambouillet ::

Yorkshire ::

Duroc ::

Hampshire (swine) ::

Landrace ::

Spotted ::

Berkshire ::

Chester White ::

Poland China ::