1.1 - New & Emerging Technologies:

Industry:

• Industrial Revolution -

  • The late 1700s

  • Due to the development of emerging technology (steam power)

  • Before this, products were made in home workshops

  • Now, new technologies allow for products to be made faster and more economically in factories

• Modern factories usually have access to transportation methods, e.g. good roads, railways and seaports

  • Easy to get raw materials

  • Easy to transport products

• Shops - splitting industries into areas in factories

• Car manufacturing shops -

  • Pressing shop

  • Axle shop

  • Body shop

  • Paint shop

  • Plastics shop

  • Casting shop

Enterprise:

• Crowdfunding -

  • Funding a project by raising money from large numbers of people

  • Uses the internet, e.g. social media, websites

  • People donate small amounts

  • Donations - people give money for believing in the cause

  • Equity - the money buys shares in the business

  • Debt - the money is loaned and paid back with interest

• Co-operatives -

  • A business that is owned and self-managed by its workers

  • Workers set production schedules and determine working conditions

  • Usually have higher productivity than conventional companies

  • Usually, all shares are held by the workforce with no outside or consumer owners

Fairtrade:

• A movement that aims to achieve fair and better trading conditions and opportunities that promote sustainability for developing countries

• Prevents an unfair balance of power among corporations

• Farmers have to fight against unfair larger farms which can sell for less money

• Allows equality and income stability

• Millions of dollars reinvested.

• 70% of the world's food is grown on small farms.

• Social media promotes it.

Sustainability:

• Meeting present-day needs without compromising the needs of future generations.

• Finite Resources -

  • A resource that does not renew itself quickly enough to meet the needs of future generations, e.g. coal, natural gas and oil.

  • There is no natural way to bring them back when they are gone.

• Non-Finite Resources -

  • A resource that can replenish itself quickly enough to meet our needs, e.g. water, and plants. Also, we are using renewable energy sources e.g. solar, geothermal and wind.

• Manufacturers need to think about the life cycle of a product and how this will affect the environment.

Changing Job Roles:

• CAD -

  • Computer aided design

  • Easier to design

  • You can visualise the product before creation

  • It is easy to share and collaborate with others.

  • Designs won’t be lost as easily

  • Ideas easily edited

  • Much quicker than conventional drawings

• CAM -

  • Computer-aided manufacturing

  • Reduces human error

  • Minimises waste

• Robots help efficiency and price but can make people lose their jobs.

Culture

• The values, beliefs, customs and behaviours used by groups and societies to interact with one another and the world

• We can choose some (political) cultures but are born into some others (religion)

Production Techniques & Systems:

• FMS -

  • Flexible manufacturing system

  • Productive, efficient conveyor-like system

• One-off production -

  • Where only 1 of these products is made. It’s custom-made and you cannot find another one the same.

• CNC -

  • Computer numerically controlled

  • Efficient automation, saving time, effort and money.

• JIT -

  • Just-in-time production

  • Companies create products when requested because they aren’t commonly requested

• Lean manufacturing -

  • Focusing on the reduction of waste during manufacturing.

  • Save on storage (less space needed)

  • A smaller amount of unused stock

  • Less waste

How the Critical Evaluation of New and Emerging Technologies Informs Design Decisions:

• Planned Obsolescence -

  • Where a product has been planned so it cannot be fixed so you buy more, making money for companies.

• Design Maintenance -

  • Functions that help a product keep working correctly throughout its life

  • e.g. changing batteries, changing components

• Ethics -

  • Low costs usually mean that they have come from abroad meaning local jobs are lost

• Environment -

  • Designers need to consider how to reduce their impact on the environment

• End of Life Disposal -

  • Disposal can impact the environment

  • Recycling is good as it can be reused instead of being buried or burnt.

  • Aluminium cans are recycled by a re-melt process into ingots to be made into more cans

  • Glass bottles are reused by being sterilised and then reused.

• Biodegradable -

  • The materials naturally break down quickly when in landfill to naturally occurring substances

  • Supermarkets make us pay for plastic bags to encourage us to reuse our bags, saving the environment.