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Globalization: A phenomenon where economic, political, cultural, social, and behavioral issues converge.
It encompasses the sense of belonging to the world, transcending the political borders of individual states.
Involves various levels of transformations influencing human life globally.

Economic globalization was the initial framework of globalization.
Its roots trace back to the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the communist system.
Former Soviet Union countries became independent states, seeking solutions in Western liberal democracy.
Liberal democracy won globally, promoting economic freedom as a remedy for issues like unemployment.

State Sovereignty: Traditionally, a state controls its territory.
Globalization aims to eliminate national borders, fostering connections among economies, cultures, and societies.
The former international order was characterized by polarization between two main camps: the capitalist USA and the socialist Soviet Union.
The Third World became a battleground for this conflict.
New International Order: The post-Cold War period is marked by the USA emerging as the sole superpower.

Defined as the ideology of new capitalism.
Francis Fukuyama: Claims that history has ended with the victory of political and economic liberalism, represented by Western civilization.
By the close of the 20th century, a consensus on a clear human history moving toward liberal democracy begins to emerge.
His confidence stems from:
1. Economic factors
2. The significance of gaining respect and recognition.

The emergence of islands of wealth amid oceans of poverty:
- 358 billionaires possess more wealth than the poorest 50% of the global population.
The global economy's interconnectedness leads to systemic risks:
- A bankruptcy in a major bank can trigger crises in banks worldwide.
Additionally, globalization brings about an identity crisis for many individuals and cultures.

Definition: The principle of separating religion from the state.
Types of Secularism:
1. Moderate Secularism: Acknowledges the existence of God.
2. Absolute Secularism: Denies the existence of God.
Ideology: Peter Gay refers to it as Modern Paganism.