Female Genital Mutilation

What does the term “female genital mutilation” mean? Why does it exist? Where does it exist? 

The term “female genital mutilation” is used to describe procedures that involve partial or complete removal of external female genitalia. The term also describes a procedure where female genital organs are harmed for non - medical reasons. 

One of the main reasons for the existence of this inhumane practice is religion or culture. Traditional societies that protect their culture, claim that this practice is important to the preservation of their culture. Or, they may state that FGM is a rite of passage into a woman’s next stage of life, and every female must undergo this procedure. Other reasons include “misconceptions about hygiene, a means of preserving a girl or woman’s virginity, making the woman ‘marriageable’ and enhancing male sexual pleasure.”  (“What is FGM, where does it happen and why?”)

This practice is mostly concentrated in African countries and the Middle East. However, it can still be practiced in countries in Asia and Latin America, and in  ethnic/immigrant communities in North America, Australia, Europe, and New Zealand. 

How does the practice of FGM connect to the concepts of universalism and relativism?

Both universalism and relativism offer differing perspectives on the practice of FGM. Universalism, which is a theory that argues that certain beliefs apply universally, is used by the UN and critics of FGM. These Universalists agree that FGM is a human rights violation and is an example of extreme abuse. So, they agree that the concept of FGM being unethical, should apply to all cultures.  However, Universalism has been criticized for being Western in nature. So, critics of the theory claim that it is enforcing Western standards onto non - Western societies.

On the other hand, relativism can be used to justify FGM. The theory is based on the point that all viewpoints are equally important. So, supporters of the theory can claim that the practice of FGM is important to the preservation of their culture, and that the West is trying to eradicate or hamper their right to practice their culture. 

Why might it be difficult to expect this practice to end by passing laws banning it?

It would be difficult to expect FGM to end by passing laws, because it is a long - standing tradition. The concept of FGM and the illogical or absurd justifications for FGM, have been passed on from generation to generation. So, even though there may be laws prohibiting FGM, societies will claim that they must follow tradition. Similarly, supporters of FGM would find ways to evade the law, so that they can faithfully fulfil their duty. For example, even though FGM is illegal in the UK, it is still being performed on young girls. This means that it is difficult for it to be reported since the children are not attending school. In addition, similar to cultural relativism, supporters of FGM can claim that Western forces are attempting to eradicate or ruin their culture, by prohibiting the act of committing FGM. Even though there are certain countries in Africa that already have a form of legislation against FGM, the practice still continues. 

Should we respect the practice of FGM/FGC as a cultural right? Or should this practice be banned as a violation of human rights? Discuss.

In my opinion, I believe FGM should be banned, because it is a violation of human rights. Even though some cultures may argue and say that this process is an important tradition in their culture, I see it as a method of controlling women by making them undergo extremely painful procedures. The women are also the ones who have to deal with the pain and consequences of FGM, so they deserve to be the only ones who can make decisions about their body. 

Summarize the role of IGOs like the WHO and the UN in dealing with issues like FGM? What might the limitations of this approach be?

WHO and the UN agree with FGM is a human rights violation and should not be allowed to continue. So, they passed resolution WHA61.16, which emphasizes the need for coordinated action in all areas of society. IGO’s, specifically WHO, have focused their efforts on ensuring health care providers are able to provide adequate medical and mental health help, to females who have undergone FGM. They are also focusing on an increased education about both sides of FGM (why it happens and how to prevent it) and creating tools that international, national, and local efforts can use to end FGM. 

However, some limitations of this approach could be that it is difficult to implement these recommendations. Specifically in rural areas, there may not be areas for education or healthcare. These communities may also strictly follow FGM, meaning it will likely be difficult to convince them of the many dangers associated with FGM. Furthermore, there appears to be more of a focus on helping those who have underwent FGM, as opposed to actually stopping this procedure.