final exam food animal

New Material for Food Animal Final Exam

Neuro Lecture: Lecture 7B

Diseases to Know

  • Rabies

    • Causative agents include: bats, dogs, foxes, skunks, raccoons.

    • Common situations leading to rabies exposure: castration, shearing, improper fermentation of silage.

  • Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)

    • Outbreaks occur due to: deep punctured or lacerated wounds contaminated with foreign material or soil, such as from:

    • Docking

    • Shearing

    • Vaccinations

    • Nail or splinter punctures

    • Fractured bones

    • Gunshot wounds

    • Castration

    • Harness and saddle galls

    • Affected Population: High mortality rate in young ruminants; recovery rate is better in older ruminants, especially adult cattle.

  • Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)

    • Outbreaks occur after feeding silage stored in plastic bags. Improper fermentation or incomplete fermentation leads to favorable conditions for bacteria sporulation and toxin production. Other sources include:

    • Consumption of carrion (esp. animals with pica)

    • Carcass contamination of feeds

    • Poultry litter

    • Affected Population: Herd outbreaks; cows, calves, and young cattle are especially susceptible to develop pica.

  • Listeriosis (Listeria monocytogenes)

    • Outbreaks occur due to: gram-positive rods found in soil, silage, and feces; inadequate silage preparation increases risk.

    • Affected Population: Herd outbreaks; older animals are more frequently affected than younger ones. More cases occur during winter.

Parasitic Causes

  • Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis in Ruminants

    • Causative Agents:

    • Cattle: Hypoderma bovis (warble flies)

    • Small ruminants: Parelaphostrongylus tenuis

  • Neosporosis

    • Causative Agent: Neospora caninum

Cerebellar Diseases

  • Common Viral Causes:

    • Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVD)

    • Border Disease Virus

    • Bluetongue Virus

  • Genetic Aspect: Autosomal recessive traits influence occurrences of diseases.

Clinical Signs for Specific Diseases

  • Tetanus

    • Initial sign: Stiffness when walking.

    • Other signs include: rigid extension of limbs, raised tail head, dysphagia, retraction of lips, trismus (spasm of jaw muscles), bloat, locked jaw, prolapse (flashing) of the third eyelid.

    • Signs exacerbated by startling or exciting the animal.

  • Botulism

    • Symptoms: Flaccid paralysis, weak tongue tone, drooling, dysphagia, generalized muscle weakness, tremors, recumbency, dilated pupils, poor pupillary light response.

  • Listeriosis

    • Symptoms: Depression, fever, anorexia, knuckling/weakness/paralysis, dip droop/unable to blink, head tilt, nystagmus, circling, ataxia, dysphagia, abortion in late gestation, and septicemia.

Treatments/Preventions

  • Discuss standard treatments and prevention methods for identified diseases.

  • Condition** caused by deficiencies:

    • Grass Tetany: Magnesium deficiency

    • Milk Fever: Hypocalcemia due to calcium deficiency

    • Significant occurrence within 24 hours of calving due to abrupt loss of calcium during lactation.

    • Polioencephalomalacia: Thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency, related to sudden dietary changes.

Specific Deficiency Conditions

  • Describe how these deficiencies manifest (e.g., clinical signs and timing).

Treatment Protocols

  • In-depth treatment methodologies for conditions like milk fever, including stages and appropriate interventions.

    • Stages of Milk Fever:

    • Stage 1: Mild excitement, tetany, weakness, and nervousness. Treatment involves oral calcium or IV calcium gluconate.

    • Stage 2: Sternal recumbency, flaccid paralysis, and other serious manifestations. Requires immediate IV calcium treatment.

    • Stage 3: Laterally recumbent, severe bloat, compromised cardiac output; necessitates urgent IV calcium administration.

Parasite-Induced Conditions

  • Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis:

    • Affected species: Cattle and small ruminants prompted by anthelmintic treatment. Clinical signs in cattle appear 24-72 hours after treatment manifesting as: ataxia, weakness, and altered reflexes.

    • Affected small ruminants exhibit: paraplegia, seizures, cranial nerve deficits, and associated complications from neurological damage.

  • Neosporosis: Affects ruminants leading to lethargy and neurological signs due to ingestion of contaminated food or water with dog feces.

Additional Neuroscience Considerations

  • Discuss conditions related to obstetric complications affecting cows, including obturator nerve injuries and the implications of calving paralysis.

Infectious Neurological Diseases

  • Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE): Caused by prions, affects the brains of cattle and humans; spread through contaminated feed. Symptoms include hyperexcitability, aggression, and neurological disturbances.

  • Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD): Similar mechanism in deer and relatives, signs progress slowly; no treatment available, reportable disease.

Toxicology Lecture: Lecture 7A

  • Review specific toxins (e.g., lead, copper, wild black cherry toxicity, pesticides) and their impact on animal welfare, signs, and affected body systems.

  • Treatments for toxin exposure—and preventative measures based on known sensitivities (e.g., cattle more prone to nitrate toxicity than other species).

Urinary System Lecture: Lecture 8A

  • Look into post-partum conditions like cystitis and pyelonephritis, their bacterial associations, clinical signs, and treatment.

  • Detail pathophysiology of patent vs persistent urachus. Include definitions and management strategies for infections of the umbilical area.

Reproductive System Lectures

Female Anatomy and Reproduction (Lecture 8B)

  • Estrous cycles, gestation periods, and puberty benchmarks across different ruminant species.

  • Utilize classification systems for estrous behaviors and gestation landscapes.

Male Reproductive Management

  • Detail reproductive examination considerations (including scrotal circumference norms across different ages).

  • Assessment of common penile abnormalities and determinants for breeding soundness.

Fluid Therapy Management (Lecture 9B)

  • Discuss fluid therapy indications, catheter placement techniques, and dehydration assessment via critical calculations.

Emergency Management and Surgical Considerations (Lecture 9A)

  • Review clinical parameters indicative of ruminal acidosis and treatment timelines for various emergency situations.

Neonatal Management (Lecture 10A)

  • Outline critical neonatal management timelines: respiration, umbilical care, and IgG transfer importance in calves.

  • Address maternal care and stress management for post-birth wellness.

Camelid Specifics (Lecture 10B)

  • Focus on handling procedures, special considerations for medical interventions, and understanding anatomical variations.

Beef and Dairy Quality Assurance (Lecture 11)

  • Assess BQA and DQA protocols aimed at ensuring safe food production and profitability within agricultural frameworks.

  • Observe regulatory requirements pertaining to drug administration and recordkeeping for optimally managing herd health.

Conclusion

  • Emphasize the importance of multidisciplinary approaches in food animal health, encompassing infectious disease management, toxicology, reproductive systems, nursing, and effective herd management strategies.