Untitled Flashcards Set

1763

Royal Proclamation

Recognized Indigenous land rights.

To organize British control after 7 Years War.

Basis for future land claims; only Crown could buy Indigenous land.

1816

Battle of Seven Oaks

Métis defeat HBC near Red River.

Tensions over pemmican trade & Métis sovereignty.

Métis asserted role in fur trade & land rights.

1867

BNA Act

Made Indigenous affairs a federal responsibility.

Confederation of Canada.

Centralized control of Indigenous peoples under federal gov.

1869–70

Red River Resistance

Métis resisted Canada's annexation of Red River.

Lack of consultation with Métis about land sale from HBC.

Creation of Manitoba via Manitoba Act; some Métis rights protected.

1870

Manitoba Act

Established Manitoba & recognized Métis rights.

Result of negotiations post-Red River Resistance.

Promised land & language rights (many not fulfilled).

1874

Scrip Introduced

Gave Métis land/money vouchers.

To extinguish Métis land rights.

Massive land loss due to fraud, pressure, confusion.

1876

Indian Act

Consolidated laws governing First Nations.

Assimilation policy.

Controlled identity, land, education, governance.

1885

Battle of Duck Lake (March 26)

First battle of Northwest Resistance; Métis win.

Conflict over broken promises, land.

Boosted Métis morale, but led to full military response.

1885

Battle of Batoche (May 9–12)

Final battle of Northwest Resistance; Métis lose.

Canadian troops attacked Riel’s forces.

Riel surrenders, ends resistance, leads to his execution.

1885

Northwest Resistance

Métis & FN uprising led by Riel.

Land loss, famine, broken gov’t promises.

Defeated; Riel executed, increased tensions in Canada.

1926

Dept. of Indian Affairs takes Inuit affairs

Inuit governance moved under federal control.

Increased Arctic interest.

More policies imposed on Inuit communities.

1939

Inuit declared "Indians" under Indian Act

Legal recognition of Inuit under Indian Act.

Supreme Court case.

Gave government jurisdiction over Inuit.

1951

Indian Act Amendment

Removed some bans (e.g., ceremonies).

UN Declaration on Human Rights.

Legal action & cultural practices allowed again.

1969

White Paper

Proposed ending Indigenous legal status.

Trudeau gov’t assimilation policy.

Widespread Indigenous opposition; proposal withdrawn.

1973

Calder Case

Supreme Court recognized Aboriginal title.

Nisga’a Nation land claim.

Set precedent for modern land claims.

1982

Constitution Act

Recognized existing Aboriginal/treaty rights (Section 35).

Constitutional reform.

Indigenous rights embedded in Canada's highest law.

1990

Oka Crisis

Mohawk standoff over golf course expansion on sacred land.

Land dispute & lack of treaty recognition.

78-day standoff ends peacefully; raises national awareness.

1999

Nunavut Act

Nunavut becomes an Inuit self-governing territory.

Inuit land claims.

Inuit gain land, governance, compensation.

2003

Powley Decision

Métis hunting rights recognized by Supreme Court.

Legal challenge for hunting rights.

Métis rights protected under Constitution Act (1982).

2016

Daniels Decision

Métis & non-status Indians recognized as “Indians”.

Legal challenge for federal recognition.

Gave federal government jurisdiction & duty to consult.

Voyageur Highway

Fur trade canoe route from Great Lakes to Rockies.

Need for trade routes during fur trade era.

Enabled trade between Métis, Indigenous groups, & Europeans.

Battle of Duck Lake (1885)

First conflict of Northwest Resistance near Duck Lake, SK.

Métis resistance against NWMP.

Métis victory; start of military escalation.

Battle of Batoche (1885)

Final battle of Northwest Resistance near Batoche, SK.

Canadian army attacks Métis stronghold.

Métis defeated; Louis Riel surrenders.