Anatomy ch1

Anatomy & Organization

1. Q: What is anatomy?
A: The study of body structure and the relationships between body parts.

2. Q: What is physiology?
A: The study of how body parts function.

3. Q: What principle states that structure is closely related to function?
A: Principle of complementarity.

4. Q: What is gross anatomy?
A: Study of structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

5. Q: What is microscopic anatomy?
A: Study of structures too small to see with the naked eye.

6. Q: What is cytology?
A: Study of cells.

7. Q: What is histology?
A: Study of tissues.

8. Q: What is the smallest level of organization?
A: Chemical level.

9. Q: What comes after the chemical level?
A: Cellular.

10. Q: What comes after cellular?
A: Tissue.

11. Q: What comes after tissue?
A: Organ.

12. Q: What comes after organ?
A: Organ system.

13. Q: What is the largest level?
A: Organismal.

14. Q: What is the correct order of structural organization?
A: Chemical → cellular → tissue → organ → organ system → organism.

🧬 Biomolecule Flashcards

15. Q: What is the building block of proteins?
A: Amino acids.

16. Q: What is the building block of carbohydrates?
A: Monosaccharides.

17. Q: What is the building block of nucleic acids?
A: Nucleotides.

18. Q: What is a major function of carbohydrates?
A: Energy.

19. Q: What is a major function of lipids?
A: Long-term energy storage and membrane structure.

20. Q: What are the two major nucleic acids?
A: DNA and RNA.

21. Q: What type of bond connects amino acids?
A: Peptide bonds.

🧫 Tissue Flashcards

22. Q: What are the four major tissue types?
A: Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

23. Q: What is the major function of epithelial tissue?
A: Covers/lines surfaces and performs protection, secretion, and absorption.

24. Q: What is the major function of connective tissue?
A: Support and structural integrity.

25. Q: What is the major function of muscle tissue?
A: Generates mechanical force.

26. Q: What is the major function of nervous tissue?
A: Communication and coordination.

27. Q: Which muscle type is voluntary?
A: Skeletal.

28. Q: Which muscle types are involuntary?
A: Smooth and cardiac.

29. Q: Where is cardiac muscle found?
A: Heart.

30. Q: What do glial cells do?
A: Protect, nourish, and support nerve cells.

🫀 Organ System Flashcards

31. Q: Which system protects the body and regulates temperature?
A: Integumentary.

32. Q: Which system uses hormones to coordinate body functions?
A: Endocrine.

33. Q: Which system moves blood?
A: Cardiovascular.

34. Q: Which system regulates oxygen and carbon dioxide?
A: Respiratory.

35. Q: Which system filters blood and removes waste?
A: Urinary.

36. Q: Which system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?
A: Digestive.

37. Q: Which system detects and coordinates responses?
A: Nervous.

38. Q: Which system provides movement and support?
A: Musculoskeletal.

39. Q: Which system defends against pathogens?
A: Immune/lymphatic.

🏠 Homeostasis Flashcards

40. Q: What is homeostasis?
A: Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions.

41. Q: Is homeostasis completely static?
A: No. It is a dynamic state of equilibrium.

42. Q: What are variables?
A: Conditions that can change, such as temperature, blood pressure, glucose, and water balance.

43. Q: What is negative feedback?
A: A response that reverses or reduces the original stimulus.

44. Q: What is positive feedback?
A: A response that amplifies the original stimulus.

45. Q: Which type of feedback is most commonly used for homeostasis?
A: Negative feedback.

46. Q: What are the components of a feedback loop?
A: Stimulus → sensor → control center → effector → response.

47. Q: What detects a change?
A: Sensor/receptor.

48. Q: What determines the appropriate response?
A: Control center.

49. Q: What carries out the response?
A: Effector.

50. Q: What happens during negative feedback?
A: The variable moves back toward its normal range.

🧍 Anatomical Position Flashcards

51. Q: What is anatomical position?
A: Standing upright, facing forward, arms at sides, palms forward, feet forward.

52. Q: What does superior mean?
A: Toward the head.

53. Q: What does inferior mean?
A: Toward the feet.

54. Q: What does anterior mean?
A: Toward the front.

55. Q: What does posterior mean?
A: Toward the back.

56. Q: What does medial mean?
A: Toward the body’s midline.

57. Q: What does lateral mean?
A: Away from the body’s midline.

58. Q: What does proximal mean?
A: Closer to the trunk or point of attachment.

59. Q: What does distal mean?
A: Farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

60. Q: What does superficial mean?
A: Closer to the body surface.

61. Q: What does deep mean?
A: Farther inside the body.

🫁 Cavities Flashcards

62. Q: What does the cranial cavity contain?
A: Brain.

63. Q: What does the vertebral cavity contain?
A: Spinal cord.

64. Q: What are the two major divisions of the dorsal cavity?
A: Cranial and vertebral.

65. Q: What is contained in the thoracic cavity?
A: Heart and lungs.

66. Q: What are the two major divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
A: Abdominal and pelvic.

67. Q: What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral cavities?
A: Dorsal is toward the back; ventral is toward the front.

✂ Planes Flashcards

68. Q: What does a sagittal plane divide the body into?
A: Left and right sections.

69. Q: What makes a section midsagittal?
A: It divides the body into equal left and right halves at the midline.

70. Q: What makes a section parasagittal?
A: It divides the body into unequal left and right portions away from the midline.

71. Q: What does a frontal/coronal plane divide?
A: Anterior and posterior sections.

72. Q: What does a transverse plane divide?
A: Upper and lower sections.

73. Q: What is an oblique section?
A: A section made at an angle.