Обезбеђивање енергије (Securing Energy)

Week's Plan (План рада за ову недељу)

  • 24.3. (Wednesday) - Securing Energy - Processing
  • Tasks:
    • Copy the content of the presentation
    • Learn the lesson (pages 150-157)
    • Review previous lessons
    • Answer the questions on page 157
  • 26.3. (Friday) - 15-minute Knowledge Check (Заштита тела, потпора и покретљивост, чула и нервни систем) - Google test posted in Google Classroom. The test will be done during class.

Reminder (Да се подсетимо!)

  • Organisms are divided into three groups according to their mode of nutrition. List and explain.
    • Autotrophs - create their own food through photosynthesis (plants, algae, and some bacteria - cyanobacteria).
    • What do living beings get from food?
      • Living beings get energy for life processes and building substances for building and growing the body from food.
    • How is energy obtained from food?
      • Energy is obtained from food in the process of cellular respiration in mitochondria. Oxygen combusts (completely breaks down) the components of food, producing energy, carbon dioxide, and water.
    • What is digestion?
      • Digestion is the process of breaking down food into the smallest components.

Food Digestion (ВАРЕЊЕ ХРАНЕ)

  • Digestion can be:
    • Extracellular (in the digestive organs)
      • Mechanical - teeth
      • Chemical - enzymes
    • Intracellular

Sponges (СУНЂЕРИ) - Filtration Mode of Nutrition

  • Digestion of food in cells with flagella (in nutritive vacuoles)
    • Water enters through pores.
    • Amoeboid cells.
    • Epidermal cells.
    • Central cavity.

Coelenterates (ДУПЉАРИ)

  • Oral opening (усни отвор) - taking in food and excreting undigested food.
  • Gastrovascular cavity (цревна дупља) - partial digestion of food.
  • Cells - complete digestion.

Flatworms - Planarians (ПЉОСНАТИ ЦРВИ- ПЛАНАРИЈЕ)

  • Oral opening (on the middle of the abdomen) - taking in food and excreting undigested food.
  • They eject the pharynx, digesting food partially in the external environment.
  • Branched intestine - digestion of food.

Other Invertebrates (ОСТАЛИ БЕСКИЧМЕЊАЦИ)

  • Roundworms and segmented worms, arthropods, and echinoderms.
  • They also have an anal opening - excretion of undigested food.
    • Examples:
      • Earthworm - "eats its way" - digests fallen leaves, and excretes soil and undigested food.
      • Shellfish - gills filter food and send it to the oral opening.
      • Spiders and starfish - digest food partially in the external environment, then ingest the semi-digested food into the intestine.
      • Teeth - present only in some (snails - "radula").
      • Insects - different types of mouthparts.

System of Digestive Organs in Vertebrates (СИСТЕМ ОРГАНА ЗА ВАРЕЊЕ КОД КИЧМЕЊАКА)

  • Mouth (Уста):
    • Teeth (different only in mammals).
    • Birds do not have teeth, they have a beak.
    • Tongue.
    • Salivary glands (fish do not have them).
  • Pharynx.(Ждрело)
  • Esophagus (Једњак):
    • In birds - crop (goiter) - dilation of the esophagus - softening of granular food.
  • Stomach (Желудац):
    • In birds:
      • 1st part - glandular.
      • 2nd part - muscular (gizzard - grinds food).
  • Shape depends on diet.

Bird Digestive System Components (Систем за варење птице)

  • Beak (кљун)
  • Esophagus (једњак)
  • Crop (волка)
  • Glandular stomach (жлездани желудац)
  • Muscular stomach (мишићни желудац)
  • Intestine (црево)
  • Cloaca (клоака)

Ruminants (Преживари)

  • Herbivores with a multi-chambered stomach. It consists of the following parts:
    • Rumen (бураг) - the largest part, which can receive a large amount of food, contains bacteria that digest cellulose.
    • Reticulum (капура/мрежавац) - with a reticulated mucosa, where food is mixed with digestive juices, and then returned to the oral cavity for re-chewing (rumination).
    • Omasum (листавац) - the part to which food returns after rumination.
    • Abomasum (сириште) - the part where food is digested.

Small Intestine (Танко црево)

  • completion of food digestion and absorption of digested food with the help of intestinal villi.
    • Herbivores - longer.
    • Carnivores - shorter.
  • Pancreas (Гуштерача) – enzymes.
  • Liver (Јетра) – secretes bile.
  • Cecum (Слепо црево).
  • Large Intestine (Дебело црево) – undigested food.
    • Bacteria – create vitamins.
    • Absorption of water and salts.
    • Formation of feces.
  • Rectum (Право црево).
  • Anal opening (Анални отвор) – mammals.
  • Cloaca (Клоака) – most other vertebrates.

Interesting Facts (ЗАНИМЉИВОСТИ):

  • The tailed salamander stores excess fat in the tail.
  • Reptiles have slow digestion due to slow metabolism. Their body requires little energy, so a crocodile can live for several months on just one large meal.

Respiratory System (Систем органа за дисање)

  • Sponges and coelenterates - every cell.
  • Worms - skin.
  • Mollusks:
    • Terrestrial - mantle cavity with blood vessels.
    • Aquatic - gills in the mantle cavity.
  • Arthropods:
    • Crustaceans - gills.
    • Spiders - book lungs.
    • Insects - tubules (tracheae).
  • Echinoderms - gills and water feet.
  • Chordates, jawless vertebrates, fish, amphibian larvae - gills.
  • Amphibians - skin and lungs.
  • Reptiles, birds, and mammals - lungs.

Tracheal System (Трахеални систем)

  • Spiracles (Спираcles)
  • Water out (Voda izlazi)
  • Gills (Skrge)
  • Mouth (Usta)
  • Water in (Voda ulazi)

Comprehension Check (Разумеш ли?)

  • What does it mean for an organism to be heterotrophic?
  • Why do animals take food?
  • Connect nutrition and the breathing process.
  • In what details does the intestinal system of carnivores and herbivores differ?
  • Based on the structure of the digestive system, conclude whether a human is a carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore. Research in the literature and explain the answer in a notebook.

True or False (Заокружи слово Т ако је тврдња тачна или слово Н ако је нетачна.)

  • a) The initial part of the small intestine is called the rectum. T / H
  • b) The largest part of food digestion takes place in the small intestine. T / H
  • c) The cecum has a role in the digestion process. T / H
  • d) Teeth serve to crush and tear food. T / H
  • e) The liver and spleen are glands that help in the digestion process. T / H