Taxonomy

Taxonomy= Classification of Organisms

Taxonomy=

  • Groups organisms based on how closely they’re related

  • DNA

  • Traits/Characteristics= Anatomy

Species= A group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring

Phylogenetic Trees= Show evolutionary relationships amongst species/ includes timeline:

  • Molecular Bio: DNA, RNA, Proteins

  • Fossils

  • Geography

  • Behavior

Ex.= 

Ancestor -> Present-day species

Cladogram= Shows relationships among organisms based on a derived characteristic (unites a group)

Clade= A group of organisms united by a characteristic

Branch point= Common ancestor

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Macro and microevolution

Macroevolution= Changes in anatomy, phylogeny, ecology, and behavior that take place in clades larger than a single species

Phylogeny= The study of evolutionary history and relationships among species or groups of organisms

  • It’s also displayed in a phylogenetic tree

Microevolution= Small changes in a population changes in allele frequency

  • Ex.= sparrows 

Allele frequency= A measurement how common a specific allele is in a population

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Speciation

Speciation= A formation of a new species due to evolution

If the same members stop interbreeding and the gene pool splits the 2 populations can no longer interbreed, reproductive isolation has occurred

Interbreeding= When animals or people from the same species have babies together

Reproductive isolation= When 2 groups of the same species can’t have babies together anymore

Allopatric speciation= Reproductive isolation: Geographical

Sympatric speciation= Reproductive isolation: Behavioral, Temporal, Mechanical

Temporal: A type of reproductive isolation that happens when 2 groups breed at different times

Sympatric= Speciation that occurs in the same place due to mechanical, behavioral or temporal isolation

Mechanical= It happens when 2 species cannot mate because their body parts don’t fit together. Even if they try, physical differences stop them from having babies

Types of Reproductive Isolation= Pre- zygotic

Pre- Zygotic=  A type of reproductive barrier that prevents fertilization from happening before a zygote (fertilized egg) is formed

Geographical Isolation= Its separated by geographical barrier such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water

Behavioral Isolation= Differences in behaviors, such as courtship rituals, usually a mating ritual

Mating ritual= A special set of behaviors animals do to attract a male

Temporal Isolation= Two species whose ranges overlap have different periods of sexual activity or breeding periods

Mechanical Isolation= Morphological differences that prevent mating or pollination

Morphological= Having to do with the shape, size, or structure of an organism