HOSA

akinesia

poverty of movements

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

also known as Lou Gehrig's disease; rapidly progressive neurological disorder associated with a degeneration of the motor nerve cells

anencephaly

a form of neural tube defect that results from a lack of the neural tube closure at the base of the brain. It is not compatible with life and results in fetal death or death shortly after delivery

negligence

failure to do something that a reasonably prudent person would do or behavior that would normally not be done under similar circumstances

plan of care

goals, interventions, desired outcomes, and criteria for discharge

tertiary care

service by specialists who are commonly employed in facilities that focus on particular conditions

adaptive equipment

pieces of equipment that allow individuals to perform functional tasks with increased ease or independence

angina

condition in which chest pain occurs from ischemia

angiography

technique in which radiopaque material is injected into the blood vessels to better visualize and identify problem such as occlusion (blockage) of blood vessels, aneurysms, and vascular malformations

aquatic physical therapy

Therapeutic use of water for rehabilitation or prevention of injury

arterial insufficiency

deficiency or occlusion of blood flow through an artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

assessment

measurement or assigned value by which physical therapists make a clinical judgement

assistive device

device that provides individuals with assistance to perform tasks or during periods of mobility

autism

A neural developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive behaviors

autonomous practice

services provided by physical therapists using independent, professional judgement within their scope of practice

bariatrics

Area of health care that deals with the origin, prevention, and treatment of obesity

blood gas analysis

assessment of blood (usually arterial) to determine the con-centrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bradykinesia

slowness of movements

brunnstrom approach

neurologic technique based on the natural sequence of recovery after stroke

bursitis

inflammation of bursae, fluid-filled sacs located throughout the body that decrease the friction between two structures

cardiac catheterization

passage of a catheter (a flexible tube) into an artery in the arm or leg, then along the artery to reach the heart and measure pressure, inject dye, or take a tissue sample

cardiac muscle dysfunction

various pathologic conditions associated with heart failure

cardiac pacemaker

electronic device that produces a pulse to control heart depolarization

cerebral palsy (CP)

group of conditions caused by a nonprogressive lesion on the brain. Most often CP has origin during gestation (before birth), at birth, or immediately after birth and is caused by an interruption of oxygen to the brain of the fetus or newborn

certification

process by which state legally regulates the use of professional title without creating a separate scope of practice. state law will not permit use of the title unless state standards are met. This differs from the private certification offered by private organizations for meeting the standards of that organization. CHAPTER

chronic inflammation

low-grade, protracted inflammatory process

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

group of disorders that produce certain specific physical symptoms, including chronic productive cough, excessive mucus production, changes in the sound produced when air passes through the bronchial tubes, and shortness of breath

civil law

law of a jurisdiction concerned with private rights and remedies; the administration of justice involving the violation of private duties owed by individuals

client

individual who seeks the services of a physical therapist to maintain health, or a business that hires a physical therapist as a consultant

closed kinetic chain exercise

exercise incorporating several muscle groups through the use of several joints with the end segment fixed

clubfoot

disorder in which the foot is turned inward and slanted upward

code of ethics

principles set forth for the physical therapy profession by APTA for maintaining and promoting ethical practice

collagen

supportive, strong, and fibrous connective tissue protein that is found in the dermis, tendon, cartilage, fascia, ligament, and bone

common law

law created by court decision rather than by legislative action

computed (axial) tomography (CAT or CT)

computer synthesis of x rays transmitted through a specific plane of the body

conducting airways

passageways and tubes that allow air to pass into or out of the lungs

congestive heart failure (CHF)

condition in which the heart muscle is compromised to the point that it cannot move blood volume effectively

contract

agreement between two or more persons that creates a legal obligation to do, or not do, a particular thing

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

grafting (attaching) a small artery or a leg vein to a point beyond the blockage or plaque

coronary heart disease (CHD)

arteriosclerosis, or a hardening of the arteries, affecting the coronary vessels

criminal law

administration of justice, through the enforcement of the criminal code of a state or of the united states; involves violations of duties owed to society at large

cryotherapy

application of cold agents to cause decreases in blood flow and metabolism, which result in a decrease in swelling and pain

cystic fibrosis (CF)

most common inherited chronic pulmonary disease among white children, characterized by production of thick mucus with progressive lung damage

deductible

amount of money that must be paid by insured before a health insurer will assume any liability for covered services

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

dermis

portion of the skin directly under the dermis; it is made up of fibrous connective tissue and supports sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves and nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, and their allied smooth muscle

dyspnea

shortness of breath

evaluation

judgment based on an examination

flexibility exercise

exercise performed over time, using stress, to change the length and elasticity of soft tissue such as muscle; usually performed for postural or ROM enhancement

hypotonia

low muscle tone

juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA)

one of the many rheumatic diseases characterized by an inflammation of the connective tissue that manifests as a painful inflamed joint

low-context assumptions

assumptions found in cultures in which the individual is considered more important than the group.

malpractice

failure to do for avoid doing something that a reasonably prudent member of the profession would do, with subsequent injury to a patient/client

national foundation for infantile paralysis

foundation established in 1938 in response to repeated polio epidemics. Established to provide research, education, and patient services

nerve conduction velocity (NCV) study

study that records the rate at which electrical signals are transmitted along peripheral nerves

scar contraction

dynamic movement of the edge of a scar

spina bifida occulta

congenital incomplete closure of vertebra not associated with disability

strain

tearing of muscle fibers caused by sudden contraction of muscle or excessive stretch to the muscle

subjective examination

interview of the patient about extent and nature of injury

ventilation

process of inspiration and expiration

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accessory motion

ability of the joint surfaces to glide, roll, and spin on one another

active assisted range of motion

joint movement in which the patient may be assisted either manually or mechanically through an arc of movement

active range of motion (AROM)

ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement

active resisted exercise

joint movement in which an external force resists the movement

activities of daily living (ADLS)

activities in which individuals participates daily to meet their basic needs

aerobic training

exercise program that uses oxygen as the major energy source

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developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

motor condition in children encompassing a wide range of dysfunctions, including gross or fine motor coordination problems such as awkward running, frequent falling, slow reaction times, immature balance reactions, poor handwriting, and difficulty with activities of daily living such as dressing

developmental delay

failure to attain predictable movement patterns or behaviors associated with children of a similar chronologic age

developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

dislocation resulting from the abnormal development of some of the structures surrounding the hip joint, allowing the head of the femur to move in and out of the hip socket, cause is unknown

developmental milestone

movement pattern that appears at a certain stage of growth and development

diagnosis

final interpretation of findings based on examinations

direct access

availability of the physical therapist to anyone seeking physical therapy services without stipulation of a referral by another health care provider

disablement model

conceptual approach to health care based on the functional abilities of the patient/client that results from a medical condition

disablement process

examination process that focuses on the individual's impairments, functional limitations, disability, and resultant restrictions in activites

discharge

termination of services when goals have been achieved

discontinuation

termination of services as determined by the patient/client or physical therapist

down syndrome

congenital developmental disability caused by a defect of chromosome 21; sometimes called trisomy 21. characterized by low muscle tone, a flat facial profile, upwardly slanted eyes, short stature, varying levels of intellectual ability, slowed growth and development, a small nose with a low nasal bridge, and congenital heart disease

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

progressive pelvic muscle weakness and wasting in the male child, combined with enlarged, yet weak, thigh muscles and tight heel cords

dynamic balnce

balance maintained with the body in motion

dynamical systems theory

treatment approach in children that incorporates all of the body's systems with the environment to facilitate or inhibit movements. process of moving rather than the product of movement

dysfunction

any functional disability

echocardiography

technique using high-frequency ultrasound to assess the size of the heart chambers, the thickness of the chamber walls, and the motion of the chamber walls and heart valves

eclectic approach

combination of therapeutic approaches used by the physical therapist and thought to be useful for treatment of a given client

electrical stimulation

application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, to increase strength and range of motion, and to facilitate wound healing

electrocardiogram (ECG)

readout produced by placing electrodes on the anterior chest wall to record depolarization or contraction of the heart muscle assess the heart's rate and rhythm

electroencephalography (EEG)

technique for recording the electrical potential or activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp

electromyography (EMG)

technique for recording the electrical activity in the muscle during a state of rest and during voluntary contraction

embolus

clot formed by a substance detached from elsewhere

enablement process

examination process that focuses on the individual's structural body and concurrent abilities while addressing age-appropriate movement patterns and activites

entitlement

right or privilege

epidermis

outer layer of the skin

ergonomics

relationship between the worker, tasks, and work environment

evidence-based practice

interventions used in physical therapy, based on research that demonstrates the reliability and validity of the procedures

examination

process of gathering info about the past and current status of the patient/client

exercise stress testing

noninvasive method of determining how the cardiovascular and pulmonary system respond to controlled increases in activity; most frequently used to diagnose or assess suspected or established cardiovascular disease

expiration

breathing out

expressive aphasia

impaired ability to express oneself

family assessment

family interview, survey, or discussion used to obtain the family's insights regarding a patient, espically a child; includes family history, relationships, concerns, needs, and resources.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

most severe condition in a continuum of alcohol induced disabilities related to high levels of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

flexibility

ability to move a limb segment through a range of motion

fluidotherapy

use of a self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part

foundation for physical therapy

organization, separate from APTA, that promotes and provides financial support for scientific research, clinical research, and health services research in physical therapy

fracture

break in bone

frail elderly

people over age 65 yrs with conditions that significantly impair their daily function

functional capacity evaluation

examination of a worker's physical abilities to perform required tasks

functional exercise

exercise that mimics functional movements and activates functional movements incorporate strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination

functional limitation

decreased ability of a person to perform a task, without regard to the context or environment

functional reach test

specific balance test that can predict the likelihood of falling

goal-directed movement approach

treatment approach that emphasizes the importance of both task and environmental features as a primary impetus for movement

goals

measurable, functional objectives that are linked to a problem identified in a patient evaluation

goniometer

instrument used to measure and document ROM

goniometry

methods to measure and document ROM

ground substance

supportive, amorphous gel like substance secreted by fibro-blasts; fills space between connective tissue fibers and cells

guide to physical therapist practice

extensive description of the roles and scope of practice of a physical therapist.

history

description of the past and current health status of the patient/client

hot pack

pouch filled with silica gel and soaked in thermostatically controlled water

hydrotherapy

use of therapeutic effects of water by immersing the body part or entire body into a tank of water

hypermobile joint

joint with excessive motion

hypertonia

high muscle tone

hypertrophic scar

excess of collagen deposited at the site of a healing or healed wound that is noticeably different from the normal skin; scar remains within the boundaries of the original wound

hypokinesis

state of decreased activity or movement

hypomobile joint

joint with less motion than is considered functional

individualized education plan (IEP)

model using collaboration of therapists, family members, educators, and other health care team members to provide direct intervention in the classroom setting

individualized family service plan (IFSP)

detailed total plan of care for the child in the context of the family unit

inflammatory phase

phase of wound healing encompassing vascular reactions that decrease blood loss and initiate vessel repair, and cellular responses that moderate blood loss, fight infection, and provide nutrition and oxygen to initiate and sustain tissue repair

inflammatory skin diseases

diseases of the skin whose causes invoke an inflammatory response

inspiration

contraction of the muscles of respiration, resulting in an increase in the space contained within the thoracic cavity. this expansion causes the air pressure to drop inside the lungs, resulting in movement of air into the lungs

instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs)

activities that individuals must perform to function in the community

intervention

procedure conducted with the patient/client to achieve the desired outcomes

ischemia

insufficient oxygenation of tissues resulting from a blocked blood vessel

joint mobilization

technique used when a patient's dysfunction is the result of joint stiffness or hypomobility (loss of motion); applies to joint-specific passive movements, either oscillatory (rapid repeated movements) or sustained

keloid scar

excess of collagen deposited at the site of a healing or healed wound that is noticeably different from the normal skin; scar commonly extends beyond the boundaries of the original wound

LAMP document

document created by the section on Health Policy and Administration of the American Physical Therapy Association that describes behaviors for the development of leadership, administration, management, and professionalism in physical therapy

law

formal rule having binding legal force laid down ordained or established by a governing body

licensure

process by which the state grants permission to practice a profession to an individual who has met state standards and grants legal recognition to a particular scope of practice

lumbar puncture (LP)

injection of a hypodermic needle into the lumbar subarachnoid space

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

creation of a computer image by placing the body part in a magnetic field

managed care

arrangement in which an insurance company contracts with health care providers to provide health care to the consumers who subscribe to the insurance plan

manual muscle testing (MMT)

test allowing therapist to assign a specific grade to a muscle based on whether the patient can hold the limb against gravity, how much manual resistance can be tolerated, and whether there is full range of motion at a joint

massage

systematic use of various manual strokes designed to produce certain physiologic, mechanical, and psychological effects

maturation phase

phase of wound healing that includes collagen synthesis and lysis, as well as reorientation of the collagen fibers that remain at the wound site; this phase may also be referred to as the remodeling phase.

meningocele

benign herniation of the meninges manifesting as a soft tissue cyst or lump that surrounds a normal spinal cord and produces no neurologic deficits

meningomyelocele

open congenital spinal cord lesion with minimal to no skin protection covering the deeper nerve roots. Most severe of the spinal closure defects that usually results in loss of motor function and sensation of the lower part of the body

motor control

ability to manipulate movement and nonmovement of the body's musculoskeletal components

motor development

age-related processes of change in motor behavior

motor learning

body's mechanism for acquiring or learning voluntar motor control

multiple sclerosis (MS)

disease in which patches of demyelination occur in the nervous system, leading to disturbances in conduction of action potentials along the nerves

muscle endurance

ability to produce and sustain tension over a prolonged period of time

muscle power

amount of work produced by a muscle in a given period of time

muscle strength

maximal amount of tension an individual can produce in one reptition

myofascial relase

manual stretching of the layers of the body's fascia

neoplastic skin diseases

cancer affecting the skin

nerve entrapment

pressure on a nerve

neural tube defect

condition in which the neural tube fails to close completely during the first month of gestational development

neurodevelopmental treatment (NDT)

approach to both analyze and treat neurologic disorders of postures and movement. manual facilitation and inhibition techniques are employed by the therapist to present the patient with "normal" sensory experiences. initiating a more functional motor response.

neuropathic ulcer

skin lesion caused by a decreased cutaneous sensation that disallows protective responses such as weight transfer; these ulcers are commonly associated with diabetes mellitus

neuroplasticity

the ability of neurons in the brain to compensate for injury or disease

nom referenced

type of assessment based on a large number of participants to create a comparison group for the assessment

normal developmental theory

model asserting that therapy goals and objectives are designed to follow the progression of normal motor development

a normative model of physical therapist professional education

guide for PT education programs to ensure that academic program meets quality and comprehensiveness established by members of the profession

objective examination

quantitative or qualitative or measurements taken by PTs by use of mechanical device

obstructive lung disease

pathologic abnormality in airflow through the bronchial tubes

open kinetic chain exercise

exercise in which the end limb segment is free

osteoarthritis

condition characterized by degeneration of cartilage as a result of many yrs of use

osteogenesis imperfecta

severe bone impairment of genetic origin. affects formation of collagen during bone developement resulting in frequent fractures

osteoporosis

decreased mineralization of the bones caused by decreased production of new bone cells and increased resorption of bone

outcome measure

standardized instrument used to measure an individual's actual perceived limitations and participation restrictions and quality of life/health status

paraffin treatment

use of a mixture of melted paraffin wax and mineral oil maintained at a specific temp to promote relaxation and pain relief and allow greater comfort during range of motion exercises

paraplegia

spinal cord damage and resultant loss of sensory or motor function affecting the lower trunk and legs

parkinson disease

progressive condition caused by a lack of the neurotransmitter dopamine

passive range of motion (PROM)

amount of movement at a joint that is obtained by the therapist's moving the segment without assistance from the patient

per diem

method of health care reimbursement; a set payment per day

perception

ability to integrate various simultaneous sensory inputs and to respond appropriately

percutaneous coronary intervention

process of mechanically dilating a blood vessel

pervasive development disorder (PDI)

group of disorders of neural development characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and the presence of unusual behaviors such as repeating actions and poor play skills

physiatrist

physicians specializing in physical medicine

physical therapist

evaluate, treat, prevent disability, movement dysfunction, pain resulting from injury, disability, disease...etc

physical therapy

evaluate, treat, prevent disability, movement dysfunction, pain resulting from injury, disability, disease...etc

physiotherapist

synonym for physical therapist

physiotherapy

synonym for physical therapist

plagiocephaly

deformation of the skull during development caused by prolonged position in utero or in the first few months of life

policy

plan designed to influence and determine decisions.

postural drainage

gravity through positioning and chest wall percussion to promote removal of excessive secretions from tracheobronchial tree

practice act

state's official statement or doc of definition and regulation of a specific profession, setting down guidelines for those practicing the profession within its jurisdiction

prenatal cocaine exposure

fetal exposure to cocaine resulting from maternal cocaine use. hyper irritability, poor feeding patterns, high respiratory and heart rates, increased tremulousness, and irregular sleeping patterns

presbycusis

decreased ability to perceive higher pitches and to distinguish between similar sounds

pressure ulcer

skin lesion caused by ischemia of integument secondary to pressure

primary care

level of health care delivered by a member of health care system who is responsible for majority of health care needs of individual

profession

commitment to field, rep organizations, knowledge in specific area, social service, and recognized autonomy

professional misconduct

violation of the state statues that define competent professional practice

prognosis

prediction of level of improvement and time necessary to reach that level

proliferative phase

phase of wound healing that involves increased activity of fibroblasts, instigation of aggressive wound contraction, and apithelialization

proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

technique used to enhance movement and motor control, emphasizing proprioceptive stimuli but also using tactile, visual, and auditory stimuli

pulmonary function test

assessment of the effectiveness of respiratory musculature and integrity of the airways and lung tissues to help classify the lung disease pattern as obstructive/restrictive

range of motion ROM

movement at joint

ROM exercise

exercise mobility of a joint

receptive aphasia

diminished ability to receive and interpret verbal or written communication

reconstruction aide

aide responsible for providing physical reconstruction to persons injured in war

registration

process by which the state tracks regulated professionals by requiring names, addresses, and qualifications

regulation

admin issued to carry out intent of the law

resistance exercise

form of active movement in which some form of resistance is provided to increase muscular strength and endurance

resisted test

test allows therapist to determine general strength of muscle group and assess pain produced by muscle contraction

respiration

process of exchanging oxygen and co2

restrictive lung disease

pathologic reduction in volume of air in lungs

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic inflammation of the joints

rigidity

disturbance of muscle tone

risk management

efforts made by organization to identify assess and minimize risk of harm

sarcopenia

loss of muscle mass associated with aging

scar contracture

permanent or relatively permanent lack of mobility of the scar tissue that results in functional and cosmetic impairment

scoliosis

lateral curvature of the spine

screening

procedure to determine if there is need for further services of the PT

secondary care

services provided by referral

secondary condition

condition that is potentially preventable and is direct or indirect consequence of inadequate attention to impairment or disability

sensation

ability to receive critically examine and evaluate one's own behavior

sensory integration

technique based on theory that poor integration and use of snesory input prevent subsequent motor planning

short wave diathermy

use of electromagnetic energy to produce deep therapeutic heating effects

SOAP note

1. subjective 2. objective 3. assessment 4. plan of care

soft tissue mobilization

variety of hands on techniques, including massage and myofascial release, improve movement and decrease pain or swelling

special tests

designed for examination of specific joints to indicate presence or absence of a particular problem

spina bifida

congenital incomplete closure of a vertebra

spinal cord injury (SCI)

damage to spinal cord that results in neurologic dysfunction

spinal muscular atrophy

genetic disorder characterized by severe muscle weakness in infancy and progressive respiratory failure

spirometer

instrument measuring various volumes and airflow rates

sprain

overstretching of a joint ligament accompanied by tearing

standardized testing

type of formal test in which evaluation procedures remain the same when administered by different therapists

standards of practice for PT

identifies conditions and performances essential for provision of high quality PT

static balance

balance maintained while standing still

statute

formal written enactment by legislative department of gov

strength

amount of force produced during voluntary muscular contraction

stroke/CVA

neurologic problem arising from disruption of blood flow

subscriber

individual who makes advance payment for something

systems approach

intervention techniques used for neuromuscular conditions

systems review

brief examination to provide info about general health of the patient

target heart rate

heart rate during peak of period in aerobic training

task oriented approach

intervention technique used for neuromuscular conditions that focuses on specific intended task and retraining using functional activities

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon

tendinopathy

disorder of tendon

tendinosis

degeneration of tendon

tests and measures

specific procedures selected and performed to quantify physical and functional status

tetraplegia

spinal cord damage resulting in loss of sensory/motor function affecting all limbs

thermal agent

agent used to modify temp of surrounding tissue to change blood flow

tone

tension exerted by muscle

tort

civil injury for which injured party can seek legal relief from courts

torticollis

condition when head and neck are bent to one side

training zone

individual's ideal range

TBSA

total body surface area

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

damage to brain causing neurologic dysfunction

tremor

alternating contractions of opposing muscle groups

ultrasound

therapeutic application of high frequency sound waves penetrating through tissue and cause increase in tissue temp

vancouver burn scar scare

pigmentation, vascularity, pliability, and height

venous insufficiency

deficiency or occlusion of blood flow through a vein

vertigo

sensation of spinning or whirling from lack of balance

vicarious liability

principle which one person may be held indirectly liable legally for acts of another

vision 2020

autonomous practice, direct access, practitioner of choice, doctor of PT, evidence based practice and professionalism

well elderly

ppl aged 65 or older who experience physical limitations

whirlpool

tank of water used in hydrotherapy for immersing body part or entire body

work-conditioning program

intervention for person with work related injury. physical dysfunctions

work hardening program

intervention for person with work related injury. behavioral and vocational management

developmental milestone