Biology EOC Review

Biomolecules

Cells

• Prokaryotic cells are single-cell organisms that lack membrane-bound organelles, and includes cells like bacteria and archaea.

• Eukaryotic cells are organisms that has a membrane-bound nucleus, includes cells like animal, plant, fungi, and all the others, excluding bacteria and archaea.

  _{(A membrane bound organelle is an organelle surrounded in a phospholipid layer)}

• If bold, that means it is going to be more important/detailed

Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R)

• Smooth E.R

  • Creation or storage of lipids & steroids, does not have ribosomes, & near cell membrane.

• Rough E.R

  • Makes protein synthesis. has ribosomes, & near cytoplasm

Cellular Respiration (Mitochondria)

• Cellular Respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

  • Glycolysis: Glucose (Makes 2 ATP) → Pyruvate Acid, if it has O₂ (oxygen) then it does the Krebs Cycle, if it does not have O₂ then it goes to Fermentation.

  • Fermentation: either makes lactic acid or ethanol.

  • Krebs Cycle: goes to ETC (Electric Transport Chain) and makes up to 36 ATP.

  Cellular Respiration → C₆H₁₂O₆ +6 O₂ → 6 CO₂+ 6 H₂O.

Cellular Transportation (Cell Membrane)

• Active transport: the movement of molecules against a measurement of how a concentration of something changes from one place to another, and requires energy.

• Passive transport: substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration in a process called diffusion.

  • Facilitated diffusion: materials diffuse across the cellular membrane with the help of membrane proteins

Mitosis (Cell Cycle)

Mitosis is when the original cell (mother cell) divides and makes 2 daughter cells (Diploid cells) that are genetically to itself. (Only for somatic [body] cells)

• Interphase: Cell is mostly 90% of its life in interphase, the chromosomes grow.

• Prophase: Chromosomes pair up like an X

• Metaphase: Chromosomes line up in the middle

• Anaphase: Chromosomes pull apart

• Telophase: Cell is getting ready to do cytokinesis

• Cytokinesis: Cell made 2 identical cell

Meiosis

Meiosis is the process of a single cell dividing into 2 cells (diploid cells) and those cells producing 4 gametes (haploid sex cells).

• Meiosis 1:

  • Prophase: Two pairs of sister chromosomes

  • Metaphase: They align crossing over

  • Anaphase & Telophase: Homologous chromosomes separate

• Meiosis 2:

  • Sister chromatids separate in anaphase 2 to 4 haploid daughter cells.

DNA Replication

• DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is the shape of a double helix and stores genetic information.

  • DNA separates into 2 strands, which makes 4 new strands.

  • DNA does base pairing. These nitrogen bases go together: Adenine → Thymine, Cytosine → Guanine. These nucleotides get holt together by a hydrogen bond. The sides of DNA is called a sugar-phosphate backbone. When you combine the sugar or phosphate with a nucleotide it is called a nitrogenous base.

• RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) is mostly single stranded and has the same nitrogen bases except thymine, which it replaces with Uracil

  • RNA does transcription with DNA with the messenger RNA, which pairs the nitrogen bases but replaces thymine with uracil. The transfer RNA pairs with the messenger RNA, which is called translation and makes 3 amino acids, which make up a protein together in the codon wheel.

Plants

Parts of a flower

• Vascular tissues

  • Xylem: transports and stores water

  • Phloem: transports sugars, proteins, and other organic molecules

This is the end! Anything else you need to know is ecology, genetics, and photosynthesis, those should be easy to learn.