Biology

Questions

Q: What is the best description of endosymbiotic theory? A: Prokaryotic cells ingested mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Q: In blank bonds both atoms exert the same pool on shared electrons? A: non-polar covalent

Q:Two monomoers have a free hydrogen on one end. In order for them to bond through dehydration synthesis, what functional group? A: Hydroxyl (OH)

Q: The body maintains a blood sugar level of around 60 to 90 12-24 hours after eating a meal high in carbohydrates, and despite eating varying levels of sugar. This is the body’s ability of… A: Homeostasis

When something is oxidized, it is reduced

Q: When an atom loses an electron it is (blank) when an atom gains an electron, it is (blank) A: oxidized;reduced

Q: Which of the following functinoal groups give lipids their natural characteristics A: Methyl

Chemical reactions of prokaryotes happen in the cytoplasm.

Q: A virally injected cell ries to rid itself of pathogen A: Lysosome

Q: What organelle is needed for testosterone(a lipid) A: Smooth ER

Q: Which of the following could be studied as an ecosystem? A: Rainfall at the pond.

Q: In the condition alteriol sperosis, lipids molecules pack the arteries and cause them to harden? Saturated or Unsaturated? A: Saturated.

Q: Where would glucose fit into the organization? molecule

Q: The electrons in magnesiums (blank) energy level have the least potential energy A: First

Q: What is the correct transporting proteins… A: Rough ER to the Golgi Apparatus to the Cell Membrane

Q: How many water molecules are produced when producing a polypeptide chain of 104 amino acids long? 103

Q: Common characteristics of lipids include being (blank) with (blank) A: hydrophobic carbon and hydrogen tails

Q: Many carbohydrates follow a ration of C:H:O this is true for CHO? A: C3:H6:O3

Polar water loving non-polar water hating

Carbs

monomer for carbs: monosaccharides

monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, galactose

disaccharides: sucrose, lactose, meltose

polysaccharides: storage(glucogen); structural(chitin, cellulose)

Bonds carbs together: glycosidic bond

Nucleic Acid(s)

monomer of nucleic acid: nucleotide

nucleotides:phosphate(PO4); 5 Carbon Sugar; nitrogenous base

Nitrogenouse base: CG AT

Cytosine pairs with: Guanine

Adenine pairs with: Thymine

Bond that holds together nucleic acid: phosphodiester

polymer of NA: RNA and DNA

Specific to/of RNA: working; can leave nucleus; ribose; single strand; uracil

Specific to/of DNA: deoxyribose; hereditary information; nucleus; double-helix; thymine

Proteins

Monomer if proteins: amino acid

How many amino acids are there? 20

A polypeptide does not need to have all 20 amino acids

SHAPE DETERMINES FUNCTION

All Amino Acids have…: an amino group; a central carbon; a hydrogen; a carboxyl; and an R group

R Group determines: shape and therefore function

Primary structure: A sequence of amino acids

Secondary Structure: Caused by hydrogen bonds forming! Primary structure is folded into pleats(alpha helix and beta-pleated sheets)

Tertiary Structure: Forms a 3D shape; more complex; disulfide bridges and ionic bonds

Quaternary Structure: More than one polypeptide; Multiple polypeptides

What kind of bond holds together amino acids? A peptide bond

Dehydration and Hydration

Dehydration: combines m

onomeres by “removing water”, so forms a water molecule

Hydration/Hydrolysis: “adding water”, breaks it into smaller molecules

Denature and Renature

Denature: changes its shape(change of shape changes function).

High temp. and acidic environment causes…: Denature

Renature: enzyme goes back into shape and structure

Chaperone: helps a protein fold into its shape

Lipids

Lipid: general term for compounds that are not soluble in water

Fats store… the most energy

Phospholipid: polar head, nonpolar tails, glycerol head; MAJOR COMPONENT OF A CELL MEMBRANE

Fatty acid tail: are hydrophobic; can be saturated or unsaturated

Glycerol head: hydrophilic; top part of a phospholipid

Triglycerides: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails

Saturated fatty acids: every carbon is saturated by a hydrogen; solid at room temp.; (bad)

Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonding; not every carbon has a hydrogen; (good)

Steroid: four ring structure

Cholesterol: important membrane that provides rigidity; serves as a precursor to other sterols and hormones