medieval Europe terms

Christianity

Mary

• Jesus’s mother

Joseph

• Jesus’s earthly father

Jesus

• son of god in christianity

John the baptist

• Jesus’s cousin who preformed a baptism on him which really got him into spiritual matters

• Often traveled alongside of him

Old testament

• All of the older Jewish texts

New testament

• The new Christian texts that include Jesus's teachings and experiences

Gospels

• First 4 books of the new testament

Seven sacraments

• Seven sacred rituals in christianity

• Marriage

• Baptism

• Communion

• Confirmation

• Reconciliation

• Extreme unction

• Holy orders

Pontius pliate

• Roman authority figure who ordered Jesus’s execution

Peter 

• Jesus’s #1 apostle

• One who betrayed jesus 3 times

• Becomes the first pope

• Originally called simon

Judas

• Jesus’s apostle who told the romans where he was for a couple of gold coins

• So stricken with guilt he killed himself

Mary Magdalene

• Seen in the bible as a prostitute however was most likely a really rich woman who doated and helped christianity grow

Paul

• The apostle who qwrote letters to many people asking them to convert

• Painted god in more of a fatherly figure/forgiving light

Constantine

• First roman emperor to convert to christianity

Heresy

• Crime people would use to justify some of their horrific actions

• Not following the bible in the right way

Monasticism

• Practice of following religion in a secluded place

• Ex. monasteries

Asceticism

• Severe self discipline and avoidance of all indulgence typically for religious resons

Pope

• Head og the catholic chuch

Crusades

• Holy wars used in christianity mostly to alliviate the pressure off of byzantine empire when the turls were trying to invade them

Monasteries

• Places where people could go during the middle ages to escape from the outside world

• Very strict had many rules and a set daily schedule

Caesaropapism

• Pratice where the head of the church is also head of the state

Hegemony

• When something is so cultrually influenctial you dont even notice its influence anymore since its so normalized

Lay investiture

• When the ruler would appoint their own bishops to gain more religious power

Excommunication

• When the church cuts contact with someone

• Means they cant recieve the seven sacrements anymore, build up of sins→going to hell

Interdict

• When an entire region is excommunicated

Scholasticism

• Movement ti return to greek thinking and philosophy

• Making people more intellectual so they can actually do things that are right because they have morals rather than because of fear

Saint thomas aquinas

• One of the biggest people in scholaticism

• Wrote the Summa Theologica

Pope Innocent III

• Interdicted all of england

• Shows how much power and influence the pope+ church actually has

Judaism

Abraham

• Start of judaism

• Entered a covenant with god

  • His descendants would be the chosen people as long as he is very loyal/dedicated

Canaan

• The land prosmised to the jews by god

Moses

• The origin of more of judaisms laws and ethics

• Rescues the jews from egypt and led them back to canaan

Exodus

• Them leaving egypt 

Ten commandments

• Rules given to moses on mount sanai by god

Mount Sanai

• The place where moses was given the ten commandments

Torah

• The main holy text containing all of the original scriptures

Talmud

• The interpretations of the torah

Philistines

• The people who the jews had to fight to get canaan back

David

• The guy chosen to fight against goliath

• Often called a messiah

Goliath

• The fighter the philisintes offered to duel against david

Messiah

• savior

Solomon

• Davids son

• Finished the temple of solomon which david started

Rabbi

• Jewish scholar

Babylonians

• People who eventually took canaan back front he isrealites

Monotheism

• Type of religion that only worships one god

• Abraham first monotheist

Covenant

• Sacred agreement

Kosher

• Foos rules that jews must follow

Sabbath

• The holy day for jewsih peopel

Prophets

• People who are not divine themselves but can speak to god

Fuedalism + manorialism

Feudalism

• The political and military system used at the time

• People would gain followers through giving away feifs

Manorialism

• The social and economic system used

• People would work on manors 

• Offered protection from the outside world, however they werent allpowed to leave

Serfs

• Pwoplw in the manorial system who would be 

Freeman

• Slightly higher than the serfs since they had craftsmanship skills

Lords

• People in the feudal system who would give fiefs to vassels to gain power

Vassels

• People in the feudal system who would be under the protection of the lords

• Gained land through them

Fief

• Piece of land that would be given out by lords to gain vessels

• Had at least one or two manors on it at least

The Franks

The franks

• Germanic group that took over most of europe

Charlemagne

• Crowned the emperor of the romans by the pope on christmas day year 800

Clovis

• United all of the franks under one leader

• First one to conert to christianity 

Charles martel

• Charles the hammer

• Part of the battle against the moors at tours

Other 

Axial age

• 800BC-200AD

• Age when religious and philisophical ideas boomed

• Humans fully distinct from the animal kingdom

Three field system

• System where ⅔ of the total fields are being utilized at a time

• Never overworked the soil

Primogeniture

• Practice where the first born son inherits everything

Chivalry

• Code of the horseman

Law merchants

• Merchants who were made to be incharge of law so that they didnt have to be under the manorial + feudal system

Parlaments

• Groups that the monarchs would talk to when giving out orders