South Africa and China

South Africa

1652 - People from the Netherlands begin to settle in South Africa

1688 - People from France begin to settle in South Africa

1690 - Cape Town becomes a popular trade post

1795 - The British took control of Cape Town

1833 - The British outlawed slavery

1836 - Some settlers started to move to the Fish River Valley for a better life for themselves and their children. Come into contact with the Zulu tribe

1867 - Diamond mines were discovered

1887 - Gold was discovered in South Africa

1899 - The Anglo-Boer (English-Dutch) War began

1902 - The English won the war

1910 - The Union of South Africa formed a government that recognized only the rights of white people and denied rights to black people. Apartheid begins.

1912 - The African National Congress is formed

1913 - In reaction to the African National Congress, the Land Act is created, which prevents black South Africans from buying, renting, or using land, except in special reserves, which are less than 8% of the land.

1964 - Nelson Mandela is arrested on charges of treason

1984 - The African National Congress gains international support

IMPORTANT: 1990 - Apartheid ends. F.W. De Klerk is elected president of South Africa in the process of reforming the government, and plans to write a new constitution (unified). Nelson Mandela is released from prison.

1993 - Mandela helped rid South Africa of APartheid and worked toward the creation of a democratic government. He gets a Nobel Peace Prize

IMPORTANT: 1994 - Nelson Mandela becomes the first black president of South Africa

2013 - Nelson Mandela dies

China

Shang Dynasty
- 1766-1027 B.C.E
- Located in the Yellow River (Huang Ho) Valley
- Developed silk fabric
- Created the idea of ancestor worship and honor
- Famous for bronze sculptures and weapons
- Used “dragon bones” to foretell the future
- Character writing
Chou Dynasty
- 1027-221 B.C.E - Longest-lasting Dynasty
- Known for creating 3 philosophies: Confucianism, Daoism, and Legalism
  - Confucianism
    - Begun by Confucius
    - People are inherently born good
    - Resembles democracy
    - Filial piety: honoring your elders and good behaviors
    - Stressed into five relationships
      - Ruler and subject
      - Father and son
      - Husband and wife
      - Older brother and younger brother
      - Neighbor and neighbor
  - Daoism
    - Begun by Lau Tzu
    - Believes in following the natural way of life
    - What it rejects
      - Education
      - Social standards
      - Law
    - It accepts that people are naturally good
  - Legalism
    - Begun by Han Feizi
    - The complete opposite of Daoism
    - Believes that humans are born evil and need a strong government and laws to keep them in line
    - There would be harsh punishment if the laws were ever broken
Chin Dynasty
- 221-207 B.C.E
- Beginning of the Chinese Empire
- Founded by Chin Shihuanghi
- The first dynasty to begin building the Great Wall was to protect itself against the Mongols.
- Worksheet Questions
  - What discovery was made in 1974? The Teracotta army
  - What does Li Si propose to Ying Zheng in their first meeting? Conquer the known chine with chin’s power
  - How was the Chin state different from the other 6 states? While China was growing, the other states were weakened by war
  - What were the 4 sections of the Chin army? mobile/light, heavy, chariots, and cavalry
  - How many Han cities did the Chin conquer in 7 years? 13 Han cities and 20 cities from other states
  - What was the lesson learned by Qin Shi Huang Di after having to execute his advisor? He can’t trust anyone
  - Why was Ying Zheng so afraid of death? All the spirits that were killed because of him would find him in the afterlife and try to harm/torment him ever after death.
  - What were the final 2 states left unconquered in 223 B.C.E? Chi and Chu
  - What happened to the 7 states by 221 B.C.E? All are united under Qin, which becomes China. China was born, and Ying Zheng changed his name to Qin Shi Huang Di.
  - What was Li Si’s new form of government called? Legalism
  - What were some of the severe punishments of the new system? Mutalism, tattoo/branding, being sent to work on the Great Wall, and cutting off body parts
  - What are the dimensions of the Great Wall? 30 ft high and 3000 miles long
  - What does the tomb room supposedly look like, according to the writings? The floor was a map of China, liquid mercury was constantly flowing in rivers, and the stars were made of jewels in the ceiling.
  - What chemical substance was thought to increase a person’s lifespan? mercury
  - What became suppressed in 213 B.C.E.? Free thinking
  - What part of the body does constant doses of liquid mercury affect? Nervous system, organs, and brain
  - What was the state of the empire in 212 B.C.E? There was a famine, and labor was all going towards the empire’s projects, so farmlands were rotting
  - What happened in 210 B.C.E.? Qin Shi Huang died
  - What was the state of the empire when the emperor died? A civil war between the oldest son and the younger son over the throne.
  - Who was buried alive in his tomb when he died? His concubines, and the deginers, archietects, enigeers, ang builders of the tomb.
Han Dynasty
- 207 B.C.E - 220 C.E
- Han rulers revive Confucianism
- Chinese people call themselves the “Han people” because many Chinese look at this dynasty as the birth of the Chinese Empire.
- Accomplishments
  - Invention of paper
  - Extending the Great Wall another 2,700 miles
  - Opening trade with the Roman Empire along the Silk Road (Trade Wars/Expansionism)
- Silk Road
  - Products - silk fabric, olives, wine, olive oil, jade, ivory, silver, incense, tortoise shells, metal, textiles
  - Ideas - the spread of Buddhism
Song Dynasty
- 960-1279
- 300 year period of peace and achievements
- Used metal in building bridges and buildings
- Began using gunpowder to make bombs to protect themselves from Mongol invasions
- Women’s rights suffered - the beginning of foot binding
Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty
- 1279 -1368
- Genghis Khan invaded China
- Worksheet Questions
  - How did Tamujin’s childhood affect his adult life? His father was poisoned.
  - What was the one law of the Steppes? If a man wanted something, he took it
  - How old was Tamujin when he conquered the meerkats? 20
  - What does Tamujin swear after he is ambushed by Jamuka? To gain vengeance, never be detected, and have his soldiers be dishonored
  - What was the meaning of the arrow analogy? One arrow is easily broken alone, but when in a bundle, it is much stronger. It represents how the tribes should work together to be stronger.
  - Why does Jamuka ask to die, and what is the importance of his death? Because he knew there was only supposed to be one lord. He was given an honorable death, which meant no blood was spilled.
  - What title is Tamujin given? Genghis Khan
  - Where did Genghis Khan invade first? Northern China
  - What weapons did the Mongols use to break the wall of Beijing, and who wheeled the siege engines forward? Why? Catapults and the first capture soldiers wheeled the engines because Genghis Khan knew his soldiers wouldn’t have survived
  - What did he do to Beijing after he conquered it? Plundered and burned it
  - What are some ways he improved the lives of his people? Imported knowledge, gave finer food, and established medical care for his people.
  - How did the package change to course of history? Genghis Khan sent an army to Persia.
  - How many people can trace their lineage to Genghis Khan? 1 in 200,000 people
  - What did Genghis Khan believe was his destiny? To conquer the entire world
  - What stopped the Mongol invasions of Europe? The new Khan died, and they had to appoint a new one
- Dynasty secured by Kublai Khan
- 1st foreign dynasty
- Humiliation for the Chinese people
Ming Dynasty
- 1368-1644
- It was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a peasant rebel leader, and later known as Emperor Hongwu.
  - Only had certain parts of Confucianism
  - Had eunuch advisors
- Zheng He was an eunuch who explored and traded with islands in the India ocean.
- Built the Forbidden City in Beijing
- Created porcelain
- The distrust of foreigners causes them to isolate themselves. They returned to farming as the mainstay of the economy. Limited trade and the arrival of Europeans in ports
Qing (Manchu) Dynasty
- 1644-1911← IMPORTANT YEAR
- 2nd foreign dynasty, begun by invaders from Manchuria
- The last dynasty of the Chinese Empire
- Restricted trade to two ports, Macao and Guangzhou
- 3 events began to weaken the dynasty: Peasant Revolts, European Imperialism, and War with Japan
- IMPORTANT: How did these events illustrate the negative impact isolationism had on China during the Qing dynasty? Chinese military (naval) equipment was stagnant → incredible stagnation in military because they didn’t want Western equipment/influence.e

European Imperialism/Opium War
- By the 1700s, Europeans were demanding increased trade in China. Chinese goods were in high demand in Europe
- China only demanded a few European products, so the Europeans were forced to pay for goods in silver
- During the late 1700s, the British started selling Opium to China to gain a favorable balance in the trade. Causes many Chinese people to become addicted
- 1839 - China fires a ship carrying opium Opium War (naval) should’ve won because they were on home court, but were too stagnant
Treaty of Nanking
- Ended to Opium War
- Began series of unequal treaties resulting in ‘Spheres of Influence” = economic control
- Hong Kong becomes a British colony.
- Countries that had spheres of influence: Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and Russia
Rebellions/War with Japan
- Taiping Rebellion: 1850-1864, 20 million people killed
- Cixi Empress Dowager - Traditionalist
- Guangxu Emperor (Cixi’s nephew) - Wanted to modernize and industrialize China in 100 days. (Hundred Days Reform) - Failed
- Sino-Japanese War 1895 - Japan gets a Sphere of Influence
- Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901: Rids China of Western Influences
The Revolution of 1911
- The Qing Dynasty was overthrown by the Nationalist Party (Kuomintang), which Dr. Sun Yat-sen began.
  - 3 principles of the people: nation, people, party
- Mao Zedong Worksheet Questions
  - After 1911, what two parties emerged from China? Nationalist and Communist
  - What does Mao believe is the only route to a successful revolution? Communism
  - Which party became the official government in 1924? Nationalist
  - What was Mao’s method for revolution? To turn the peasants against their landowners
  - Who invaded China in 1931? Japan
  - Whatis Mao’s message? If you don’t think the way Mao wants you to think, then you will die
  - When did Mao declare himself the leader of China? October 1, 1949. China becomes the People’s Republic of China. Nationalists go to Taiwan.
  - What was the Great Leap Forward? A plan to rapidly modernize China in just 15 years. Imports technology from Russia with grain. Increase in grain production in the country and an increase in steel production in the cities.
  - What did Mao outlaw in the countryside? Private enterprise (collectivization happens)
  - What did the Great Leap Forward result in? Disaster - peasants are starving to death
  - How many died during the Great Leap Forward? At least 14 million
  - What was the goal of the Little Red Book? To mold the young to support Mao and turn them into an army. Mao’s teaching → what you are allowed to think
  - Who do the Red Guard Youths first turn on? Teachers
  - What was the goal of the Cultural Revolution? To rid China of Western influence and get revenge on Mao’s enemies inside China.
  - How long did the Cultural Revolution last? A decade
  - How many intellectuals die? 2 million
  - When does Mao die? 1976
Changes Under Deng Xiaoping
- Used capitalist ideas to revitalize China’s Economy
- Eliminated the farming communes
- Young Chinese began to demand democracy
- Studentswere protected in Tiananmen Square in Beijing, 1989 - hundreds killed
China Today
- Taiwan (where the nationalist party went after 1949) - China wants to annex
- 2001 - China joined the World Trade Organization and the Trade Wars
- Tariffs -a tax on trade goods.
- Possible Effects?
  - Trade wars