State Organization, Governance Systems, and Political Regimes

Definition of a State: A political and administrative organization that governs a territory in an independent manner.
Constituent Elements of a State: An State is integrated by three fundamental elements:
- Territory: Separated from other States by borders that delimit the territorial limits within which sovereignty is exercised and where laws and rules are applied.
- Population: The people living within a specific State who possess the right of nationality and constitute the citizenship.
- Sovereignty: The capacity to make binding decisions for the population within the framework of the territory; it constitutes the exclusive authority that a State possesses inside its borders.

Definition: The Government is an organ responsible for administering the powers of the State.
Temporal Nature: It is non-permanent and temporary, varying in political orientation and personnel periodically.

Basic Needs Provision: Covering the basic necessities of the population in sectors such as housing, food, education, healthcare, transport, and public works.
Labor Market Regulation: Regulating labor relations through the approval of laws and employment policies.
Economic Policy: Directing economic policy with the aim of promoting national economic growth.
Public Order and Defense: Maintaining public order within state borders, guaranteeing respect for the law, and defending the territory.
International Relations: Participating in the international sphere through integration into diverse organizations and establishing relations with other nations. This work is developed through the diplomatic corps (embassies).
Contextual Record Date: 28-09-2026.

Exercise of Power: Power is exercised by a group of people chosen by all citizens.
Elections and Parties: Presence of elections and political parties.
Freedoms and Rights: Guarantees freedom of expression and fundamental rights for all individuals.
Constitutional Framework: Has a Constitution detailing the rights and duties of the citizenship.
Separation of Powers: Divided into three distinct branches:
- Legislative Power: Recaus on Parliament, which is responsible for approving laws and controlling the Government.
- Executive Power: Governs the country through ministries or departments; responsible for applying laws and directing state administration.
- Judicial Power: Composed of judges and tribunals, responsible for ensuring that laws are complied with.

Exercise of Power: Power is exercised by a single person who imposes themselves by force.
Absence of Constitutional Limits: No Constitution exists, nor is there any separation of powers.
Lack of Democracy: Complete absence of elections and political parties.
Legal Arbitrariness: Arbitrariness in the application of the law.
Denial of Rights: Rights are not recognized for citizens.
Political Repression: Active repression of ideologies opposed to the ruling power.

Formal Democratic Structure: Democratic principles are formally maintained on paper.
Electoral Issues: Low electoral transparency.
Human and Citizen Rights: Rights of citizens are not respected, and human rights are violated.
Press Restrictions: Freedom of the press is curtailed.
Contextual Record Date: 29-09-2026.

Types of Democracies:
- Monarchies
- Republics
Types of Dictatorships:
- Military dictatorships
- Single-party dictatorships (partit únic)
- Personalist dictatorships (personalistes)

Centralized State Structure: The governance of the territory rests with the Central Administration. It operates under two distinct models:
- Pure Centralized or Unitary States: All competencies recau directly upon the Central Administration. Very few States exist with this organizational model (Example: Principat de Mònaco).
- Centralized States with Administrative Decentralization: All competencies remain in the hands of central institutions, but they delegate a portion of authority to local and regional bodies (Example: França).