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What is the role of a primary care physician?

a health care professional who practices general medicine

Medical history: a record of a patient's health information that a doctor or other health professional gathers during an interview

Chief complaint:the reason the patient is being treated

Diagnosis: The process of identifying a disease, condition, or injury from its signs and symptoms

Signs:something others can observe or measure

Symptoms: Something that a person feels or experiences

current history; patients chief complaint and current health issues, symptoms, recent medical history, and any previous diagnoses should all be taken into account to provide a comprehensive understanding of the patient's condition.

previous history; any past medical conditions, surgeries, allergies, and family medical history that may influence the current diagnosis and treatment plan.

social history; this includes information about the patient's lifestyle, occupation, substance use, and social support systems, which can significantly impact their health outcomes and adherence to treatment.

family history; any hereditary conditions or diseases present in the patient's family that could contribute to their current health issues or increase their risk for certain conditions.

Tact as in tactial, a way for the physician to know more about the patient and why they are there,

empathetic allowing patients to feel comfortable, in a way reassuring the patient they’ll be okay

vital signs; measure the basic functions of your body ex (body temp, blood pressure, pulse rate,respiration rate)

homeostasis; A state of balance/ maintaining balance among all the body systems needed for the body to survive and function correctly

Blood pressure:the pressure of blood on the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps blood around your body

.- wrap an inflatable cuff around the arm, then inflates the cuff, gently tightens on the arm. The cuff has a gauge on it that will measure the blood pressure. slowly let air out of the cuff while listening to the pulse with a stethoscope.

Heart rate: the number of times the heart beats within a certain time period–

usually a minuteTo check your pulse at your wrist, place two fingers between the bone and the tendon over your radial artery — which is located on the thumb side of your wrist. When you feel your pulse, count the number of beats in 15 seconds. Multiply this number by four to calculate your beats per minute.

Oxygen saturation:the percentage of oxygen in a person's blood

pulse oximeter measure blood oxygen saturation levels through a small clip that's usually placed on your finger or toe. An oximeter reading only indicates what percentage of your blood is saturated with oxygen, known as the SpO2 level, as well as your heart rate

Tempurature: the specific degree of hotness or coldness of the body,

thermometers make and maintain contact on the skin or in the body to register the temperature, by mouth or armpit.

BMI: A measure that relates body weight to height; dividing an adult's weight in kilograms by their height in metres squared

Height: the measurement from base to top; stand next to a device called a stadiometerHeight is measured in feet. and inches

Weight: a body's relative mass; using a scale, measured in lbs

Respiratiory rate:is the number of breaths you take per minute; counting the number of breaths for one minute by counting how many times the chest rises

paper vs electronic records and self monitoring:

  • Paper records: Traditional method of documenting health information; prone to loss or damage and may require physical storage space.

  • Electronic records: Digital format for storing patient data; easily accessible, shareable, and often includes built-in reminders for follow-up care.

  • Self-monitoring: Involves tracking personal health metrics, such as weight and respiratory rate, using various tools and devices; enhances patient engagement and provides valuable data for healthcare providers.

    tools are used in a physical exam for observing the eyes, nose, throat, ear, heart sounds, lung sounds, and skin:

  • Otoscope: Examines the ear canal and tympanic membrane.

  • Ophthalmoscope: Allows visualization of the retina and other structures in the eye.

  • Stethoscope: Used to listen to heart and lung sounds.

  • Tuning fork: Assists in hearing tests and assessing vibratory sensation.

  • Sphygmomanometer: Measures blood pressure.

    ABCDE method for examining moles; asymmetry, border, color, diameter and evolving

    label the cornea and retina and know their functions:

  • Cornea: The clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye, responsible for focusing light onto the retina.

  • Retina: The thin layer of tissue at the back of the eye that converts light into neural signals, which are sent to the brain for visual recognition.

label the ear and know the function of the cochlea: Cochlea: A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure in the inner ear that is responsible for converting sound vibrations into neural signals, allowing for the perception of sound.

heart sound vs. a heart murmur: Normal heart sound is a lub dub and heart murmur is a whoosing sound

Wheezing - when airway is partially blocked

Crackling - when there is fluid in the airways

Rhonchi - like snoring or gurgling by secretions in the airway

Clear - no abnormal sounds

Stridor - high pitched sound, obstruction or narrowing of upper airway

What are the four components of blood: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

phlebotomy? Which vein is most commonly used to draw blood in adults: collect blood from patients and prepare the samples for testing; median cubital, basilic and cephalic veins

What are the steps (in order) to taking blood from a patient’s arm:

  1. Verify the patient's identity and explain the procedure to ensure comfort and cooperation.

  2. Gather necessary equipment: gloves, tourniquet, alcohol swabs, needles, collection tubes, and gauze.

  3. Apply the tourniquet about 4-6 inches above the intended puncture site to engorge the vein.

  4. Clean the site with an alcohol swab in a circular motion and allow it to dry.

  5. Insert the needle at a 15-30 degree angle into the vein, bevel up, and advance it carefully.

  6. Once blood flow is established, fill the collection tubes as required.

  7. Release the tourniquet and apply pressure to the site with gauze once the needle is removed.

  8. Dispose of the needle in a sharps container and label the samples appropriately.

Red blood cells, which carry oxygen.

White blood cells, which fight infection.

Hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells.

Hematocrit, the amount of red blood cells in the blood.

Platelets, which help blood to clot.

Leukemia has an elevated amount of WBC while normal only shows platelets

Compare LDL and HDL cholesterol (which is “good?” what are their jobs? What can you eat to raise or lower each?):

  • LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein) - Often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, it can lead to plaque buildup in arteries, increasing the risk of heart disease.

  • HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) - Known as "good" cholesterol, it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.

  • To raise HDL levels, consider consuming healthy fats found in olive oil, avocados, and fatty fish, while to lower LDL, focus on reducing saturated fats found in red meat and full-fat dairy products.

Saturated fats are unhealthy, solid at room temperature like butter

Unsaturated fats are healthy liquid at room temperature like vegetable oil and nuts

BMP is blood test helps doctors check the body's fluid balance and levels of electrolytes, and see how well the kidneys are working

Glucose is your body's main source of energy

Blood urea nitrogen is a waste product made when your liver breaks down protein

Creatinine a waste product that comes from the digestion of protein in your food and the normal breakdown of muscle tissue

Electrolytes are minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge

What is telehealth? Give some examples and explain its pros and cons: Telehealth refers to the delivery of healthcare services and information through digital communication technologies. Examples include virtual doctor visits, remote patient monitoring, and mobile health applications.

Pros:

  • Increased access to healthcare, especially for those in rural or underserved areas.

  • Convenience and flexibility in scheduling appointments.

  • Reduced travel time and associated costs for patients.

Cons:

  • Potential for technical issues or lack of internet access.

  • Limited physical examination capabilities, which may affect diagnosis.

  • Concerns about privacy and security of patient information.

What are the four macromolecules: Lipids, nucleic acids, proteins and carbohydrates, carbs are the primary energy source

Why is insulin needed for glucose to enter our cells? Explain the glucose-insulin relationship: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that facilitates the entry of glucose into cells by binding to insulin receptors, which triggers a series of cellular responses that allow glucose transporters to move to the cell membrane, effectively lowering blood sugar levels and providing energy for cellular functions.

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body does not produce insulin due to the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, while Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, often associated with obesity and lifestyle factors.

Study the feedback loop we made for glucose. What happens when blood glucose levels drop? What happens when they rise?: When blood glucose levels drop, the pancreas releases glucagon, a hormone that signals the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the bloodstream, helping to restore normal glucose levels. Conversely, when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes insulin, which promotes the uptake of glucose by cells and encourages the storage of excess glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscle tissues.

What does HIPAA stand for: The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

What are some common HIPAA violations: Unauthroized phi disclosures, Unauthroized access, Medical record mishandling

In what instances can protected health information (PHI) be shared with others: PHI can be shared without patient consent in specific instances such as for treatment purposes, to obtain payment for services, or when required by law, including reporting certain diseases or injuries to public health authorities.