Bio 211b Long Exam

• Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- the first person in history view microorganisms and record these observations.
• Protozoa - Microbes that are likely to be swiftly moving “animalcules” observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water; exhibit asexual reproduction; single-celled organisms; eukaryotic organisms; frequently possess cilia and flagella.
• Fungi - are eukaryotes; molds are multicellular; yeast are unicellular; fungi have a cell wall.
• Viruses - are acellular obligatory parasites.
• ==Fungi; cell walls==
• ==Algae; aquatic and marine habitats==
• ==Prokaryotes; no nuclei==
• ==Viruses; accellular parasites==
• A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot “mud pot” (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the %%Archea.%%
• Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology %%because diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.%%
• The microbes commonly known as %%protozoa%% are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
• Prokaryotes - Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nuclues.
• Louis Pasteur - demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by facultive anaerobes.
• %%What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?%% - Question largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology.
• Aristotle - theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenessis).
• Needham - Scientist provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation.
• Aspect of Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation : *The necks of the flask he used were bent into an S-shape.

*He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.

*The flask were incubated for very long periods of time.

* The flask were free of microbes until they were opened.

• Order for the steps in the scientific method

  1. Develop a hypothesis
  2. Conduct experiment
  3. Analyze results
  4. Accept or reject hypothesis

• One must have %%hypothesis%% before designing and conducting an experiment.

• Pasteur’s experiments on fermentation laid to the foundation for %%industrial microbiology.%%

• Observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice:

  *Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.

  *Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice.

  *Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.

  *Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.

• Louis Pasteur %%-%% the father of Microbiology in part because of his careful application of the scientific method to many problems in microbiology.

• Neutron - A particle found in the nucleus of an atom and that has no electrical charge.

• Element - matter composed of a single type of atom.

• A stable atom has %%8 electrons%% in its valence shell.

• Electrons - atoms interact in a chemical reaction.

• The outer ring is an %%electron shell%%.

• The valence of an atom represents its %%ability to interact with other atoms.%%

• Nonpolar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms share electrons equally.

• Polar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms with somewhat different electronegativities share electrons.

• A research microbiologist wants to determine whether a microbe can metabolize a new synthetic organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 14C isotope and 13C isotope are useful in tracing the fate of the compound.

• Unstable isotopes can be useful in medical diagnosis.

• @@Hydrolysis: decomposition@@

• Compounds that readily dissociate in water are either polar or ionic.

• Water has a high capacity for heat.

• An acid dissociates in water to release both anions and hydrogen ions.

• The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.

• A hydroxyl anion acts as a base.

• exothermic reaction - may cause the container to become dangerously hot.

• Nucleic acid polymers, proteins, and complex carbohydrates are all produced by dehydration synthesis.

• An amoeba moving toward a food source - %%responsiveness%% .

• Nucleur envelope: found only in eukaryotic cells.

• Characteristics of Life:

  * Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.

  *Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.

  *Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.

  *Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.

• Some bacteria have an outer layer composed of %%either polypeptides or polysaccharides%% that protects them from desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces.

• Both fimbriae and glycocalyces plays an important role in the creation of biofilms of the bacterial cell structures.

• The basal body anchors the bacterial flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane.

• Positive phototaxis - A bacterial cell moving toward light.

• Immersion oil improve resolution because it increases numerical aperture and maintains a uniform light speed.

• heat is used to drive the stain into cells in the staining procedure acid-fast and endospore stains.

• The acid-fast stain is used to stain bacteria with waxy cell walls.

• The kingdoms included in the Linnaeus system of classification are Animalia and Plantae.

• The rules of naming organisms are called nomenclature.

• Endocytocis produces a structure called a food vesicle.

• Triglycerides are the lipids that are not generally components of cell membranes.

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