Knowt
Bio 211b Long Exam
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- the first person in history view microorganisms and record these observations.
Protozoa - Microbes that are likely to be swiftly moving “animalcules” observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water; exhibit asexual reproduction; single-celled organisms; eukaryotic organisms; frequently possess cilia and flagella.
Fungi - are eukaryotes; molds are multicellular; yeast are unicellular; fungi have a cell wall.
Viruses - are acellular obligatory parasites.
Fungi; cell walls
Algae; aquatic and marine habitats
Prokaryotes; no nuclei
Viruses; accellular parasites
A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot “mud pot” (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the Archea.
Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.
The microbes commonly known as protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
Prokaryotes - Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nuclues.
Louis Pasteur - demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by facultive anaerobes.
What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible? - Question largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology.
Aristotle - theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenessis).
Needham - Scientist provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation.
Aspect of Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation : *The necks of the flask he used were bent into an S-shape.
*He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.
*The flask were incubated for very long periods of time.
* The flask were free of microbes until they were opened.
Order for the steps in the scientific method
Develop a hypothesis
Conduct experiment
Analyze results
Accept or reject hypothesis
One must have hypothesis before designing and conducting an experiment.
Pasteur’s experiments on fermentation laid to the foundation for industrial microbiology.
Observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice:
*Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
*Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice.
*Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.
*Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.
Louis Pasteur - the father of Microbiology in part because of his careful application of the scientific method to many problems in microbiology.
Neutron - A particle found in the nucleus of an atom and that has no electrical charge.
Element - matter composed of a single type of atom.
A stable atom has 8 electrons in its valence shell.
Electrons - atoms interact in a chemical reaction.
The outer ring is an electron shell.
The valence of an atom represents its ability to interact with other atoms.
Nonpolar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms share electrons equally.
Polar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms with somewhat different electronegativities share electrons.
A research microbiologist wants to determine whether a microbe can metabolize a new synthetic organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 14C isotope and 13C isotope are useful in tracing the fate of the compound.
Unstable isotopes can be useful in medical diagnosis.
Hydrolysis: decomposition
Compounds that readily dissociate in water are either polar or ionic.
Water has a high capacity for heat.
An acid dissociates in water to release both anions and hydrogen ions.
The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.
A hydroxyl anion acts as a base.
exothermic reaction - may cause the container to become dangerously hot.
Nucleic acid polymers, proteins, and complex carbohydrates are all produced by dehydration synthesis.
An amoeba moving toward a food source - responsiveness .
Nucleur envelope: found only in eukaryotic cells.
Characteristics of Life:
* Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.
*Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.
*Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.
*Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
Some bacteria have an outer layer composed of either polypeptides or polysaccharides that protects them from desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces.
Both fimbriae and glycocalyces plays an important role in the creation of biofilms of the bacterial cell structures.
The basal body anchors the bacterial flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane.
Positive phototaxis - A bacterial cell moving toward light.
Immersion oil improve resolution because it increases numerical aperture and maintains a uniform light speed.
heat is used to drive the stain into cells in the staining procedure acid-fast and endospore stains.
The acid-fast stain is used to stain bacteria with waxy cell walls.
The kingdoms included in the Linnaeus system of classification are Animalia and Plantae.
The rules of naming organisms are called nomenclature.
Endocytocis produces a structure called a food vesicle.
Triglycerides are the lipids that are not generally components of cell membranes.
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Bio 211b Long Exam
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek- the first person in history view microorganisms and record these observations.
Protozoa - Microbes that are likely to be swiftly moving “animalcules” observed by Leeuwenhoek in pond water; exhibit asexual reproduction; single-celled organisms; eukaryotic organisms; frequently possess cilia and flagella.
Fungi - are eukaryotes; molds are multicellular; yeast are unicellular; fungi have a cell wall.
Viruses - are acellular obligatory parasites.
Fungi; cell walls
Algae; aquatic and marine habitats
Prokaryotes; no nuclei
Viruses; accellular parasites
A tiny (less than 2 micrometers) new organism is discovered living in a boiling hot “mud pot” (a type of mud spring). It is most likely a member of the Archea.
Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.
The microbes commonly known as protozoa are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.
Prokaryotes - Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nuclues.
Louis Pasteur - demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by facultive anaerobes.
What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible? - Question largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is known as the Golden Age of Microbiology.
Aristotle - theory of spontaneous generation (abiogenessis).
Needham - Scientist provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneous generation.
Aspect of Pasteur’s experiments to disprove spontaneous generation : *The necks of the flask he used were bent into an S-shape.
*He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.
*The flask were incubated for very long periods of time.
* The flask were free of microbes until they were opened.
Order for the steps in the scientific method
Develop a hypothesis
Conduct experiment
Analyze results
Accept or reject hypothesis
One must have hypothesis before designing and conducting an experiment.
Pasteur’s experiments on fermentation laid to the foundation for industrial microbiology.
Observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grape juice:
*Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.
*Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice.
*Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.
*Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.
Louis Pasteur - the father of Microbiology in part because of his careful application of the scientific method to many problems in microbiology.
Neutron - A particle found in the nucleus of an atom and that has no electrical charge.
Element - matter composed of a single type of atom.
A stable atom has 8 electrons in its valence shell.
Electrons - atoms interact in a chemical reaction.
The outer ring is an electron shell.
The valence of an atom represents its ability to interact with other atoms.
Nonpolar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms share electrons equally.
Polar covalent bond - type of bonds produced when atoms with somewhat different electronegativities share electrons.
A research microbiologist wants to determine whether a microbe can metabolize a new synthetic organic molecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 14C isotope and 13C isotope are useful in tracing the fate of the compound.
Unstable isotopes can be useful in medical diagnosis.
Hydrolysis: decomposition
Compounds that readily dissociate in water are either polar or ionic.
Water has a high capacity for heat.
An acid dissociates in water to release both anions and hydrogen ions.
The reverse of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.
A hydroxyl anion acts as a base.
exothermic reaction - may cause the container to become dangerously hot.
Nucleic acid polymers, proteins, and complex carbohydrates are all produced by dehydration synthesis.
An amoeba moving toward a food source - responsiveness .
Nucleur envelope: found only in eukaryotic cells.
Characteristics of Life:
* Viruses have some, but not all, of the characteristics of living things.
*Organisms may not exhibit all of the characteristics of life at all times.
*Reproduction can occur asexually or sexually in living things.
*Living things store metabolic energy in the form of chemicals such as ATP.
Some bacteria have an outer layer composed of either polypeptides or polysaccharides that protects them from desiccation and allows them to adhere to surfaces.
Both fimbriae and glycocalyces plays an important role in the creation of biofilms of the bacterial cell structures.
The basal body anchors the bacterial flagellum to the cell wall and cytoplasmic membrane.
Positive phototaxis - A bacterial cell moving toward light.
Immersion oil improve resolution because it increases numerical aperture and maintains a uniform light speed.
heat is used to drive the stain into cells in the staining procedure acid-fast and endospore stains.
The acid-fast stain is used to stain bacteria with waxy cell walls.
The kingdoms included in the Linnaeus system of classification are Animalia and Plantae.
The rules of naming organisms are called nomenclature.
Endocytocis produces a structure called a food vesicle.
Triglycerides are the lipids that are not generally components of cell membranes.
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