Comprehensive Study Guide on French Relative Pronouns and the Subjunctive Mood
French Relative Pronouns (Les Pronoms Relatifs)
Relative pronouns replace a noun (the antecedent) and introduce a relative subordinate clause. In French, relative clauses are generally not preceded by a comma.
Introductory example: Voilà une journée que je n'oublierai jamais ! (That is a day that I will never forget!)
The Relative Pronoun Qui
Meaning: who, which, that (der, die, das)
Function: Serves as the subject of the relative clause. It can represent either a person or a thing.
Examples:
Person: J'ai un ami qui s'appelle Max. (I have a friend who is named Max.)
Thing: Il a une voiture qui roule très vite. (He has a car that drives very fast.)
Qui with Prepositions
When preceded by a preposition (e.g., à, avec, pour), qui functions as an indirect object. In this prepositional context, qui refers exclusively to persons.
Example: La fille à qui j'ai parlé est ma sœur. (The girl to whom I spoke is my sister.)
Rule for Things: When an indirect object following a preposition refers to an inanimate object or thing rather than a person, lequel (or its inflected/contracted forms) must be used instead.
The Relative Pronoun Que / Qu'
Meaning: whom, which, that (den, die, das)
Function: Serves as the direct object of the relative clause. It can represent either persons or things.
Contraction: Elides to qu' before a vowel or mute 'h'.
Examples:
Person/Thing: Le film que j'ai vu hier est intéressant. (The movie that I saw yesterday is interesting.)
Thing: Je lui ai offert un pull qu'elle ne met jamais. (I gave her a sweater that she never wears.)
Syntactic Structure: Following que or qu', the explicit subject of the relative clause is always present (e.g., je, elle).
The Relative Pronoun Où
Meaning: where, in which, on/at which (in dem / in der / wo)
Function: Replaces an adverbial complement of place (location) or time (temporal context).
Place Complement (Ortsangabe): Comment s'appelle l'école où tu travailles ? (What is the name of the school where you work?)
Time Complement (Zeitangabe): Il arrive le jour où nous partons. (He arrives on the day when we leave.)
The Relative Pronoun Dont
Meaning: whose, of which, of whom, about which, of whom (dessen, deren, von dem/der/denen, auf die)
Function: Dont is invariable and always replaces a noun complement introduced by the preposition de (including its contractions du, de la, de l', des).
Derivation Patterns and Examples:
Replacing a noun phrase with de: la mère de l'enfant \n\rightarrow\n l'enfant dont la mère est malade (the child whose mother is sick).
Replacing possessive de: la voiture de l'ami \n\rightarrow\n l'ami dont la voiture est en panne (the friend whose car broke down).
Replacing a verb complement taking de (parler de): on parle d'un voisin \n\rightarrow\n le voisin dont nous parlons (the neighbor about whom we are speaking).
Replacing an adjective complement taking de (être fier de): il est fier de ses enfants \n\rightarrow\n ses enfants dont il est fier (his children of whom he is proud).
Indefinite Relative Pronouns: Ce qui and Ce que / Ce qu'
Both ce qui and ce que (or ce qu') are translated into German as was (and into English as what or that which).
Ce qui: Serves as the subject of the relative clause.
Example: Il aime tout ce qui est cher. (He likes everything that is expensive.)
Ce que / Ce qu': Serves as the direct object of the relative clause.
Example: Il a tout ce qu'il veut. (He has everything that he wants.)
Formation of the Present Subjunctive (Subjonctif Présent)
With the subjunctive mood (subjonctif), the speaker marks an action or event as possible, desirable, or non-desirable, rather than presenting it as a factual reality. The subjunctive typically stands in a subordinate clause introduced by the conjunction que (that).
Introductory example: J'ai peur que ce ne soit pas le bon chemin. (I am afraid that this is not the right way.)
Standard Formation Rule
To conjugate a verb in the subjonctif présent:
Take the present indicative stem from the 3rd person plural (ils / elles).
Drop the
-entending to isolate the subjunctive stem.Add the standard subjunctive endings.
Subjunctive Endings
que je+-eque tu+-esqu'il / qu'elle / qu'on+-eque nous+-ionsque vous+-iezqu'ils / qu'elles+-ent
These endings apply to all verbs in the French language without exception, except for être and avoir.
Regular Conjugation Examples
Manger (Present Indicative 3rd Plural: ils mangent \n\rightarrow\n Stem: mang-)
que je mange
que tu manges
qu'il/elle/on mange
que nous mangions
que vous mangiez
qu'ils/elles mangent
Dire (Present Indicative 3rd Plural: ils disent \n\rightarrow\n Stem: dis-)
que je dise
que tu dises
qu'il/elle/on dise
que nous disions
que vous disiez
qu'ils/elles disent
Verbs with Indicative Stem Changes (Stammwechsel)
Verbs that display a stem change in the present indicative (e.g., boire: nous buvons vs. ils boivent) alter their stem in the subjunctive in the 1st and 2nd person plural (nous and vous).
For these verbs, the 1st and 2nd person plural subjunctive forms adopt the nous stem of the present indicative, while all other forms use the ils stem.
Full Conjugation of Boire
que je boive (Stem:
boiv-)que tu boives (Stem:
boiv-)qu'il/elle/on boive (Stem:
boiv-)que nous buvions (Stem:
buv-)que vous buviez (Stem:
buv-)qu'ils/elles boivent (Stem:
boiv-)
Irregular Verbs in the Subjonctif Présent
Several essential verbs use irregular stems. While their stems are irregular, the standard subjunctive endings (-e, -es, -e, -ions, -iez, -ent) still attach to them, with être and avoir being complete exceptions to both stems and endings.
Verb | que je / j' | que tu | qu'il / elle | que nous | que vous | qu'ils / elles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
être | sois | sois | soit | soyons | soyez | soient |
avoir | aie | aies | ait | ayons | ayez | aient |
faire | fasse | fasses | fasse | fassions | fassiez | fassent |
aller | aille | ailles | aille | allions | alliez | aillent |
savoir | sache | saches | sache | sachions | sachiez | sachent |
pouvoir | puisse | puisses | puisse | puissions | puissiez | puissent |
Formation of the Past Subjunctive (Subjonctif Passé)
The subjonctif passé expresses an action that is completed prior to the timeframe of the main clause, within a context requiring the subjunctive.
Formation Rule
The subjonctif passé is formed compound-style using the auxiliary verb être or avoir conjugated in the subjonctif présent, followed by the past participle (participe passé) of the main verb:
Examples
Je crains que tu te sois trompé de chemin. (I am afraid that you made a mistake on the path / took the wrong way.)
Je ne suis pas sûr qu'il ait tout compris. (I am not sure that he understood everything.)
Uses and Governing Rules of the Subjunctive (Subjonctif: Gebrauch)
Expressive Categories and Governing Triggers
The subjunctive mood is triggered by specific matrix verbs and expressions in the main clause conveying obligation, necessity, wish, doubt, emotional reaction, or will:
Obligation & Necessity: Il faut que… (It is necessary that…), Il vaut mieux que… (It is better that…)
Wishes & Desires: J'aimerais que… (I would like that…), Nous souhaitons que… (We wish that…)
Doubt & Uncertainty: Je doute que… (I doubt that…), Je ne suis pas sûr(e) que… (I am not sure that…)
Emotion & Reaction: Dommage que… (Too bad that…), Je n'aime pas que… (I don't like that…)
Will & Command: Je ne veux pas que… (I don't want that…), Vouloir que… (To want that…)
Contrast: Subjunctive vs. Indicative Mood
It is critical to distinguish between expressions taking the indicative and those requiring the subjunctive.
Verbs Taking the Indicative
Declarative statements, expressions of belief, thought, and direct speech take the indicative (present or future) in affirmative sentences:
Je crois qu'il fera beau demain. (I believe it will be nice weather tomorrow. -> Indicative future: il fera, not il fasse.)
J'espère que vous ferez bon voyage. (I hope you have a good trip. -> Indicative future: vous ferez, not vous fassiez.)
Elle dit que tout va bien. (She says that everything is going well. -> Indicative present: va, not aille.)
Je pense que ce n'est pas possible. (I think that it is not possible. -> Indicative present: ce n'est pas, not ce ne soit pas.)
Verbs Taking the Subjunctive
Expressions of doubt, obligation, personal desire, or subjective evaluation mandate the subjunctive:
Je doute que ce soit une bonne idée. (I doubt that it is a good idea. -> Subjunctive: ce soit, not c'est.)
Il faut que nous fassions attention. (It is necessary that we pay attention. -> Subjunctive: nous fassions, not nous faisons.)
Nous souhaitons que vous réussissiez votre vie. (We wish that you succeed in your life. -> Subjunctive: vous réussissiez, not vous réussissez.)
Conjunctions Governing the Subjunctive
Certain subordinate conjunctions strictly require the subjunctive mood in the clause they introduce.
Conjunctions Requiring the Subjunctive
pour que(so that / in order that)afin que(so that / in order that)avant que(before)jusqu'à ce que(until)bien que(although / even though)
Conjunctions Requiring the Indicative (for Comparison)
parce que(because)pendant que(while)après que(after)
Practical Conjunction Applications
Parle plus fort pour que / afin qu'on puisse te comprendre. (Speak louder so that people can understand you.)
J'aimerais te voir avant que tu partes. (I would like to see you before you leave.)
Passe me voir pour que / afin que nous en parlions ensemble. (Drop by to see me so that we can speak about it together.)
J'attendrai jusqu'à ce qu'il ne pleuve plus. (I will wait until it stops raining.)
Il n'est pas français bien qu'il soit né en France. (He is not French although he was born in France.)
Sentence Applications and Conversational Contexts
Pre-Vacation Preparation Tasks
Applying il faut que…, il vaut mieux que…, and j'aimerais que… with subjunctive conjugations of various verbs (passer, faire, fermer, arroser, téléphoner, sortir, partir, disputer, laisser):
Avant de partir en week-end, il faut que… / Il vaut mieux que…
…je téléphone à ma sœur. (
téléphoner)…nous laissions les clés aux voisins. (
laisser)…tu arroses les plantes. (
arroser)…tu sortes les poubelles. (
sortir)…les enfants fassent leurs devoirs. (
faire)…tu fermes tous les volets. (
fermer)
J'aimerais que…
…nous ne partions pas trop tard. (
partir)…les enfants ne se disputent pas dans la voiture. (
disputer)…nous passions de bonnes vacances. (
passer)
Matching Conversational Exchanges and Equivalent Contexts
Context 1: Je le trouve très autoritaire. (I find him very authoritative.)
Subjunctive equivalent: Il veut toujours qu'on lui obéisse. (He always wants people to obey him.)
Context 2: Il va peut-être neiger. (It might snow.) / On en prend trois en plus ? (Shall we take three more?)
Subjunctive equivalent: Je ne suis pas sûr que cela suffise. (I am not sure that that will suffice.)
Context 3: Je n'ai pas envie de la voir. (I don't feel like seeing her.)
Subjunctive equivalent: Je ne veux pas qu'elle vienne ce soir. (I don't want her to come tonight.)
Context 4: Vous ne pouvez vraiment pas rester ? (You really cannot stay?)
Subjunctive equivalent: Dommage que vous partiez déjà. (Too bad that you are leaving already.)
Context 5: C'est injuste. (It's unfair.)
Subjunctive equivalent: Je n'aime pas que tu dises ça. (I don't like that you say that.)
Context 6: C'est un film magnifique. (It's a magnificent movie.)
Subjunctive equivalent: Il faut absolument que tu le voies. (It is absolutely necessary that you see it.)
Context 7: Advice on travel options.
Subjunctive structure: Il vaudrait mieux que tu prennes le train. (It would be better if you took the train.)